A Comprehensive System of Energy Intensity Indicators for the U.S.: Methods, Data and Key Trends

Belzer, David B.; Cort, Katherine A.; Ganguli, Sumitrra

doi:10.2172/1633859

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…In the USA, fossil fuel intensity increased in transport, commercial and agriculture sectors, but was effectively reduced in industry and residential sectors. Belzer et al (2020) asserted that the USA has been aggressively promoting energy efficiency programmes including improved lighting and space conditioning, insulation and heating and cooling equipment to rein in fossil fuel use in the residential sector. On the other hand, China lowered fossil fuel intensity in transport and commercial sectors, but experienced a major surge in its industry, residential and agricultural sectors.…”

Section: Emission and Sectoral Energy Intensitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Emission and sectoral energy intensity: a variance decomposition analysis

Mukhopadhyay¹,

Pani²

2022

MEQ

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PurposeIn the backdrop of growing global concern on escalating CO2 emission leading to climate disorder and controversy between economic growth and environment, this study undertakes a decomposition analysis of the top 20 emitters of the world during 1992–2016 with two objectives: to identify the relative contribution of the major driving factors in CO2 emission and to comprehend the role and performance of sectoral energy consumption pattern in changing the emission level.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses variance analysis method to perform two stage decomposition: first, it decomposes emission into the major driving factors, and, secondly, it also decomposes fossil fuel intensity of different sectors into fuel mix and energy intensity effects, which are new in the literature.FindingsThe results indicate that aggressive pursuit for economic growth, particularly by developing countries, is the major reason behind unprecedented emission growth, with income effect, fossil fuel intensity effect and population effect having substantial roles. Considerable decline in dependence on fossil fuel, coupled with rising emissions, signifies that emission intensity is still to be harnessed. Sectoral decomposition shows that while fossil fuel intensity has declined in residential sector, it has remarkably shot up in industry, transport and commercial sectors. On the other hand, sectoral energy intensity has declined, particularly due to favourable performances of transport and commercial sectors.Research limitations/implicationsThe detailed country-wise sectoral analysis identifies the sectors with favourable contribution in curtailing emission and lends a direction to other countries for policy making.Originality/valueThis study contributes by incorporating multi-country sectoral segregation in decomposition analysis. It focuses not only on energy intensity, but on the effect of energy substitution in each sector as well. It identifies the sectors that have lowered their dependence on fossil fuel to highlight that emission can effectively be dealt with through a prudent choice of fuel mix.

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Section: Emission and Sectoral Energy Intensitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Emission and sectoral energy intensity: a variance decomposition analysis

Mukhopadhyay¹,

Pani²

2022

MEQ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Over the past decade, DOE has developed a hierarchical system of sector-specific energy intensity indicators. This approach constructs a weighted average of the separate intensity indicators for the four major end-use sectors into an index for the entire economy of the United States [92,93].…”

Section: Decomposing Total Primary Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of the United States energy system in transition

Saundry

2019

Energ Sustain Soc

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This review article provides a synthesis of the most significant transitions taking place in the energy systems of the USA in 2018. These include the leveling off of the total consumption of primary energy and electricity, a shift away from coal-fired electricity generation, advances in the efficiency energy conversions and end-uses, as well as the onshoring and offshoring of some energy applications. Transitions are considered with a long-term, sociotechnological perspective using data from the past 60 years, recognizing the impacts technological developments, economics, public policy, cultural preferences, and concerns about environmental impacts such as climate change. Different transitions are in different phases of development with different scales of impact, with some likely to only become significant over the next few decades.

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“…For example, in the U.S., CO 2 emissions from the power sector decreased by 26% during 2008−2018, while for the same period, transportation CO 2 emissions increased by 1.4% and industrial CO 2 emissions decreased by 9%. 1 Decarbonization strategies for these sectors often cite electrification as a potential pathway, which shifts the burden of emissions reduction from these sectors to the power sector, where continued growth of wind and solar generation is expected to further reduce the emissions intensity of the electricity supply. While direct electrification of certain end uses is poised to grow rapidly (e.g., light-duty vehicles), it may be challenging in particular applications such as heavy-duty transport such as shipping and aviation where high energy density requirements remain a key performance criterion.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Variation in Cost of Electricity-Driven Continuous Ammonia Production in the United States

Bose

Lazouski

Gala

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Cost-effective, low-carbon ammonia production is necessary for decarbonizing its existing uses but could also enable decarbonization of other difficult to electrify end uses such as shipping, where the energy density is a key criterion. Here, we assess the levelized cost of ammonia production (95% availability) at industrial-scale quantities (250 tonnes/day) in 2030 from integrating commercial technologies for renewable electricity generation, electrolysis, ammonia synthesis, and energy storage. Our analysis accounts for the spatial and temporal variability in cost and emissions attributes of the electricity supply from variable renewable energy (VRE) sources and the grid and its implications on plant design, operations, cost, and emissions. On the basis of 2030 technology cost and grid projections, we find that grid-connected ammonia in midcontinental U.S. costs 0.54–0.64 $/kg, in comparison to 0.3–0.4 $/kg for natural-gas-based ammonia and, depending on the generation mix of the grid, may have higher or lower CO2 emissions. Fully VRE based ammonia production, even with simultaneous wind and PV utilization, is more expensive than grid-connected outcomes, due to the need for storage to manage VRE intermittency and continuous ammonia production. Using a combination of VRE and grid electricity at locations of existing ammonia facilities in the midcontinental U.S. can achieve 2–80% CO2 emissions reduction per tonne of ammonia in comparison to natural gas routes and corresponds to a levelized cost range of 0.57–0.85 $/kg NH3. Further cost reductions are shown to be possible if the ammonia synthesis loop can be made more flexible, which reduces the need for a round-the-clock electricity supply and substitutes use of battery storage with ammonia storage.

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A Comprehensive System of Energy Intensity Indicators for the U.S.: Methods, Data and Key Trends

Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

Emission and sectoral energy intensity: a variance decomposition analysis

Emission and sectoral energy intensity: a variance decomposition analysis

Review of the United States energy system in transition

Spatial Variation in Cost of Electricity-Driven Continuous Ammonia Production in the United States

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