“…The QUBO problem is a binary optimization problem consisting of finding a binary vector
such that:
where
is a vector of
classical binary variables and
is a real and symmetric matrix constructed from our optimization problem. Classical methods of finding solutions to QUBO problems involve a range of metaheuristic algorithms such as simulated annealing, [
76–81 ] TABU search [
82–85 ] or genetic algorithms [
86–88 ] amongst others, [
89–95 ] with many of these having been adapted for the vehicle routing problem. [
96–104 ]…”