A comprehensive survey on semantic interoperability for Internet of Things: State‐of‐the‐art and research challenges

Abstract

Internet of Things (IoT) is highly heterogeneous in terms of devices, communication technologies, protocols, data formats, and semantics. Data generated from various sources are represented using different semantics. It makes semantic interoperability as one of the significant issues in provisioning seamless communication and services over diverse IoT platforms. Semantic models help in exchanging semantically annotated information among such heterogeneous applications in a meaningful way. Seamless communication among different types of applications is commonly accomplished by using middleware, ontology, and semantic web technologies. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of different semantic interoperability solutions in the context of IoT. The pivotal semantic models available in the literature are compared with the help of a classification framework. This study identifies various open research issues and challenges for facilitating interoperable IoT communications. For the purpose of implementation and performance evaluation of various semantic models, we also suggest some important tools and frameworks. After pointing out different prospects and problems of the existing semantic interoperability schemes, the factors for improvement are identified indicating future research directions.

A Systematic Review on the Data Interoperability of Application Layer Protocols in Industrial IoT

“…Scalability: From Table 13, it can be analyzed that among thirty-four (34) research studies, eleven (11) research studies have integrated only two protocols while other seven (7) research studies integrated three protocols. Only one (1) out of thirty-four (34) research studies performed the integration of four protocols as shown in Table 13.…”

“…wired and wireless networks). 3) Semantic interoperability [7]: It is linked with the meaning of the content for humans rather than machine interpretation of the content and 4) Platform interoperability [8]: It offers collaboration of the diverse platforms used in IoT due to diverse operating system, programming languages, and access mechanisms for data and things. As IIoT devices are increasing with each passing day, all these types of interoperability are required to support heterogeneity issues.…”

A novel Internet of things‐based plug‐and‐play multigas sensor for environmental monitoring

“…Most part of the users just want to acquire a new device, turn it on, and have all the functionalities with no difficulty, in terms of hardware and network. [7][8][9][10][11] In terms of network, servers are used to provide the IP address to devices that request a new connection, allowing cellphones, tablets, computers, and other devices to be connected with the internet without any effort and knowledge by the users, being necessary only to set the SSID and password in wireless networks. 32 The term PnP refers to hardware devices that are automatically configured without human intervention, as computer peripheral connected through USB interfaces.…”

“…All intelligent objects on a smart environment, as smart coffee machines, connected windows and curtains are fed with data collected by the smart sensors, allowing decisions to be taken based on these data, preventing accidents, increasing the thermal comfort, and reducing energy consumption. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Connected gas sensors would be able to avoid the major problems related with gas escape, as other smart devices as windows, gas valves, and alarms would be aware of the leakages and act in order to control it.…”

Internet of things in health management systems: A review

“…Besides, the custom‐made health competency is restricted to the existing data of the patient (typically active and imperfect) 4,5 . We should offer enough methods and means to certify the suitable health care distribution, according to the factors checking and directly delivering the medical aid 1,6 . So, it is showing a basic problem for knowledge extracting, examination, and trending.…”