A comprehensive survey on image encryption: Taxonomy, challenges, and future directions

SaberiKamarposhti, Morteza; Ghorbani, Amirabbas; Yadollahi, Mehdi

doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2023.114361

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…On the other hand, evaluating the security of algorithms designed to protect data is of paramount importance [18]. For image encryption algorithms, various measures and analyses are employed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Statistical Analysis of the Negative–Positive Transformation in Image Encryption

Cardona-López,

Chimal-Eguía,

Silva-García

et al. 2024

Mathematics

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The negative–positive transformation (NPT) is a widely employed technique for encrypting images on pixel blocks, commonly integrated into cryptosystems compatible with compression algorithms. The existing literature on NPT analysis can be categorized into two types: theoretical analyses with results that apply to any image, primarily focused on compression compatibility, and numerical analyses that report empirical results from specific images, some without explaining the causes of the security results, while others are only related to the compression performance. Consequently, there is a significant gap in understanding the implications of applying the NPT for data protection. For that reason, this paper conducts a theoretical statistical analysis, presenting, demonstrating, and verifying six theorems to understand the security contributions of NPT. Two theorems examine the shape of the image histogram and the scatter plot of adjacent pixels after the NPT application. The subsequent four theorems explore the influence of NPT on the mean, variance, covariance, and correlation within each pixel block. The findings indicate that the NPT generates images with symmetrical histograms, the correlation of pixel blocks remains invariant, and distinct vertical and horizontal reflections manifest on the scatter plot. These theorems are verified by encrypting the Lena image with four pixel-block sizes. The histogram symmetry passed the goodness-of-fit test at a significance level of 5%, revealing consistent results. The correlation of pixel blocks remained unchanged, and the scatter plot exhibited an x-shaped pattern. Therefore, as the NPT alone does not achieve desirable encryption results, such as uniform histograms, scatter plots, and decreasing correlation, cryptosystems should complement it with additional techniques.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…T ′ tot = l h⊕255 − T tot (18) Thus, the variable F ′ , as defined in Equation ( 19), represents the frequency of the h ⊕ 255 level after the NPT.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical Analysis of the Negative–Positive Transformation in Image Encryption

Cardona-López,

Chimal-Eguía,

Silva-García

et al. 2024

Mathematics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In existing research on image encryption, chaotic systems [4,5] serve as a critical component of encryption. Zhou et al [6][7][8] proposed various novel chaotic systems for image encryption, considering limitations in computer precision and other issues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compression and encryption for remote sensing image based on PSO-BP and 2D-MCCM

Li,

Feng,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Phys. Scr.

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In response to the large size of remote sensing images and the limitations of existing image compression and encryption algorithms, this paper proposes a novel compression and encryption algorithm. The proposed algorithm utilizes a new type of memristive chaotic mapping in combination with PSO-BP neural networks and multi-threaded parallelism. Specifically, the proposed novel two-dimensional memristive chaotic mapping involves a combination of new memristors based on HP memristors and Cubic chaotic mapping. Compared to existing chaotic systems, this method exhibits stronger randomness and hyperchaotic characteristics. Additionally, to improve the reconstruction accuracy of compressed images, a traditional BP neural network with an added hidden layer is combined with the PSO algorithm for image compression and reconstruction. Furthermore, to enhance the encryption efficiency of remote sensing images, a multi-threaded parallel encryption method is employed, enabling simultaneous permutation within and among threads. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves good compression reconstruction accuracy, excellent encryption performance, and resistance to attacks.

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Achieving Image Encryption Quantum Dot‐Functionalized Encryption Camera with Designed Films

Li,

Zhang,

Liu

et al. 2024

Advanced Science

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The risk of information leaks increases as images become a crucial medium for information sharing. There is a great need to further develop the versatility of image encryption technology to protect confidential and sensitive information. Herein, using high spatial redundancy (strong correlation of neighboring pixels) of the image and the in situ encryption function of a quantum dot functionalized encryption camera, in situ image encryption is achieved by designing quantum dot films (size, color, and full width at half maximum) to modify the correlation and reduce spatial redundancy of the captured image during encryption processing. The correlation coefficients of simulated encrypted image closely apporach to 0. High‐quality decrypted images are achieved with a PSNR of more than 35 dB by a convolutional neural network‐based algorithm that meets the resolution requirements of human visual perception. Compared with the traditional image encryption algorithms, chaotic image encryption algorithms and neural network‐based encryption algorithms described previously, it provides a universal, efficient and effective in situ image encryption method.

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A comprehensive survey on image encryption: Taxonomy, challenges, and future directions

Cited by 14 publications

References 76 publications

Statistical Analysis of the Negative–Positive Transformation in Image Encryption

Statistical Analysis of the Negative–Positive Transformation in Image Encryption

Compression and encryption for remote sensing image based on PSO-BP and 2D-MCCM

Achieving Image Encryption Quantum Dot‐Functionalized Encryption Camera with Designed Films

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