A Comprehensive Survey of the Routing Schemes for IoT applications

Abstract

Internet of Things (IoT) is with a perception of ‘anything’, ‘anywhere’ and provides the interconnection among devices with a remarkable scale and speed. The prevalent intention of IoT is the datatransmission through the internet without the mediation of humans. An efficient routing protocol must be included in the IoT network for the accomplishment of its objectives and securing data transmission. Accordingly, the survey presents various routing protocols for secure data communication in IoT for providing a clear vision as the major issue in the IoT networks is energy consumption. Therefore, there is a need for devising an effective routing scheme to provide superior performance over the other existing schemes in terms of energy consumption. Thus, this review article provides a detailed review of 52 research papers presenting the suggested routing protocols based on the contentbased, clustering-based, fuzzy-based, Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks, tree-based and so on. Also, a detailed analysis and discussion are made by concerning the parameters, simulation tool, and year of publication, network size, evaluation metrics, and utilized protocols. Finally, the research gaps and issues of various conventional routing protocols are presented for extending the researchers towards a better contribution of routing protocol for the secure IoT routing.

Swarm intelligence‐based deep ensemble learning machine for efficient channel estimation in MIMO communication systems

“…Adaptiveness 43 in existing optimization principles is done through different ways. Self‐improvement in the optimization algorithm has shown a promising performance than traditional optimization algorithms.…”

“…The beamforming techniques in the MIMO system ensure the improved spectral efficiency and enhanced energy efficiency. But, it suffers from hardware complexity as it requires more antennas and diverse devices 40,43 . The accurate Channel State Information (CSI) is necessary to acquire in the MIMO wireless communication systems at the transmitter phase as the system performance is highly dependent on the CSI accuracy of the transmitter 3,4 .…”

“…But, it suffers from hardware complexity as it requires more antennas and diverse devices. 40,43 The accurate Channel State Information (CSI) is necessary to acquire in the MIMO wireless communication systems at the transmitter phase as the system performance is highly dependent on the CSI accuracy of the transmitter. 3,4 Particularly, the accurate CSI is obtained at the transmitter, which is further utilized for enhancing the MIMO system performance by employing the transmit precoding or beam forming.…”

Fractional mayfly optimization algorithm‐based Infrastructure‐to‐Vehicle and Vehicle‐to‐Vehicle scheduling for service message transmission in IoV‐fog

“…However, it supports storage, computation, and application processes to end users, such as cloud computing 16‐18 . It fills the gap between IoT devices, such as smart vehicles in IoV deployment, and remote data centers 19,20 . Accordingly, it offers some other merits, like minimized latency, increased security, and reduced bandwidth.…”

“…[16][17][18] It fills the gap between IoT devices, such as smart vehicles in IoV deployment, and remote data centers. 19,20 Accordingly, it offers some other merits, like minimized latency, increased security, and reduced bandwidth. Hence, fog computing is a hopeful technology in different IoT services.…”