“…Reformulations (Banos, 1966;Norton, 1936Norton, , 1937 have been applied at higher frequencies to homogeneous and layered earth with complex permittivity, ε* (Annan, 1973;King et al, 1980;Wait, 1951), and for antennas at any height above or below the surface. On the surface of dielectric earth and in the direction normal to the antenna axis, the solutions are simple, exact and well known theoretically for E ϕ (Annan, 1973;Wait, 1951), but only approximations to integral solutions exist for E ρ in the direction parallel to the antenna axis (Banos, 1966;King et al, 1980). Following Banos (1966) and King et al (1980), above about 10 MHz geometric attenuation rates within several ranges, R, from a transmitting antenna may be characterized by a 1/R α function.…”