A Comprehensive Study of Multiflare GRB Spectral Lag

Chang, Xiaoping; Peng, Zhao-Yang; Chen, J. M.; Yin, Yue; Wang, D. Z.; Wu, H.

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac14b6

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Ref. [30] found that flare lags evolve with time after collecting the multi-flare GRBs, which is consistent with the prompt emission pulses. The central engine of GRBs does not seem to shut down immediately after the prompt emission phase, the duration can be very long.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Statistical Properties of X-ray Flares in Gamma-ray Bursts

et al. 2022

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X-ray flares are frequently detected in the X-ray afterglow light curves and are highly correlated with the prompt emission of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). We compile a comprehensive sample of X-ray flares up to 2021 April, comprising 697 flares. We classify the total sample into four types: early flares (tp≤103 s), late flares (tp>103 s), long gamma-ray burst (LGRB) flares and short gamma-ray burst (SGRB) flares, and analyze the distributions and relationships of the flare parameters. It is found that the early flares have a higher frequency, shorter duration, and more asymmetrical structure. In addition, the distributions of the morphological parameters of the SGRB flares are similar to those of the LGRB flares. We also find that the durations and rising (decay) times of the early flares are positively correlated with the peak times, but the late flares follow the different dependent relations. There is a strong anti-correlation between the peak luminosities (LX,P) and the peak times of the flares, e.g., LX,p∝tp,z−1.45 for the LGRB flares, and LX,p∝tp,z−1.27 for the SGRB flares, respectively. Furthermore, the peak luminosity is highly dependent on the isotropic energy (EX,iso) for the early LGRB flares, the best fit is LX,p∝EX,iso1.06(r=0.89). We also find a tight three-parameter correlation, LX,p∝tp,z−1.03EX,iso0.92(r=0.96). All the late flares fall into the 3σ confidence region defined by the early flares. In terms of the point of kinematic arguments, both the SGRB and LGRB flares support a common scheme of internal origin. The SGRB flares have similar properties to the LGRB flares, suggesting that both of them share a similar physical mechanism from the late-time activity of central engine.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Statistical Properties of X-ray Flares in Gamma-ray Bursts

et al. 2022

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“…After Swift was launched, bright X-ray flares were detected in nearly half of GRBs (e.g., Burrows et al 2005;Romano et al 2006). Generally, X-ray flares are characterized as late central-engine activities, through a mechanism similar to that of GRB prompt emissions (e.g., Margutti et al 2010; Chang et al 2021). At present, some of theoretical models of GRBs and X-ray flares involve the magnetic reconnection scenario (Giannios 2006;Zhang et al 2006;Kumar & Zhang 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a common astrophysical phenomenon in the universe, X-ray flares are observed in a good fraction of GRB afterglows (e.g., Chincarini et al 2010;Margutti et al 2010). It is well known that GRB X-ray flares are attributed to the erratic GRB central-engine activities, like the GRB prompt emission components, which also provide important clues to the nature of the central engines (e.g., Burrows et al 2005;Margutti et al 2010;Abdo et al 2011;Yi et al 2015;Liu & Mao 2019;Chang et al 2021). For example, the similar lag-luminosity relation provides strong evidence for the direct link between GRB X-ray flares and prompt phases (Margutti et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for the Self-organized Criticality Phenomenon in the Prompt Phase of Short Gamma-Ray Bursts

Zhang

et al. 2023

ApJS

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The prompt phase of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) contains essential information regarding their physical nature and central engine, which are as yet unknown. In this paper, we investigate the self-organized criticality phenomenon in GRB prompt phases as done in X-ray flares of GRBs. We obtain the differential and cumulative distributions of 243 short GRB pulses, such as peak flux, FWHM, rise time, decay time, and peak time in the fourth BATSE Time-Tagged Event Catalog with the Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique. It is found that these distributions can be well described by power-law models. In particular, comparisons are made with 182 short GRB pulses in the third Swift GRB Catalog from 2004 December to 2019 July. The results are essentially consistent with the BATSE ones. We notice that there is no obvious power-law index evolution across different energy bands for either BATSE or Swift short GRBs. The joint analysis suggests that the GRB prompt phase can be explained by a fractal-diffusive self-organized criticality system with the spatial dimension S = 3 and the classical diffusion β = 1. Our findings show that GRB prompt phases and X-ray flares possess the very same magnetically dominated stochastic process and mechanism.

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“…This calculation of the spectral lag is comprehensive, since it is actually the whole lag of the whole pulse/flare. In accordance with the research of Ukwatta et al (2010), we use a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the uncertainty of the spectral lag, with the specific method being similar to that of Chang et al (2021).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even so, the phenomenon of spectral lag exists in both the GRB prompt emission and X-ray afterglow flares. Chang et al (2021) studied the spectral lags of 48 multiflare GRBs, suggesting that multiflare GRBs have a lagduration relationship that is consistent with that of multipulse GRBs, and that the flares are extensions of the pulses, before concluding that X-ray flares have the same properties as GRB pulses, with both coming from the same origin. The widths of the GRB pulses are found to be energy-dependent, i.e., the higher the energies, the narrower the widths (e.g., Link et al 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

A Study of the Overall Evolution Behaviors of Pulses and Flares within Gamma-Ray Bursts

Zhu

Peng

Chen

et al. 2023

ApJ

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Many studies have shown that the X-ray flares in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have similar properties to the prompt emission pulses that occur in GRBs, suggesting that they may come from the same origin. We attempt to extend the evolution behavior that exists among GRBs to within individual GRBs. By selecting 12 GRBs with both multipulses and multiflares, we systematically study the overall evolution behaviors of the pulses and flares that occur within GRBs, including the width (w), peak time (t peak), rise time (t rise), decay time (t decay), and spectral lag. We find that correlated relationships exist within the GRBs, even if the overall evolution slopes of the pulses and flares in different GRBs are different. We also study the relations between the full pulse width (ω), the ratio of the rising width to the decay width (r/d), and the energy (E) of multipulses and multiflares within GRBs. It is found that there is a power-law anticorrelation between ω and E and a power-law correlation between r/d and E, with the mean values of the two power-law indexes being −0.42 and 0.07, respectively, which are very close to the values that are obtained for the prompt emission pulses. In addition, we find that the percentages of the positive lags for pulses and flares are 83% and 92%, respectively, with the lags of the flares being much larger than those of the pulses. Our results indicate that the overall evolution behaviors of the pulses and flares within individual GRBs are similar to the evolution behavior among GRBs, and that flares are low-energy extensions of pulses, providing further evidence that both come from the same origin.

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A Comprehensive Study of Multiflare GRB Spectral Lag

Cited by 4 publications

References 35 publications

Statistical Properties of X-ray Flares in Gamma-ray Bursts

Statistical Properties of X-ray Flares in Gamma-ray Bursts

Evidence for the Self-organized Criticality Phenomenon in the Prompt Phase of Short Gamma-Ray Bursts

A Study of the Overall Evolution Behaviors of Pulses and Flares within Gamma-Ray Bursts

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