A comprehensive study across methods and time scales to estimate surface fluxes from Lake Kinneret, Israel

Rimmer, Alon; Samuels, Rana; Lechinsky, Yury

doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.10.007

Cited by 47 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The other approaches are developed for longer time intervals and are not applicable for sub-daily calculations. The results also confirm the findings from various other studies (Rimmer et al, 2009;Giadrossich et al, 2015;Tanny et al, 2008;Rosenberry et al, 2007) that for the BREB, Priestley-Taylor, and Penman method, the knowledge of the heat storage term is essential to achieve reliable results, as neglecting the heat storage results in a strong seasonal bias. Using estimates of the heat storage term does not provide acceptable results for the BREB or for the Priestley-Taylor method.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…It is shown that the consideration of the atmospheric stability in the calculations has a negligible effect on the results. These results coincide with results for Lake Kinneret (Shilo et al, 2015;Rimmer et al, 2009) and make this method easily applicable for evaporation calculations applying data from a shoreline station. The other approaches are developed for longer time intervals and are not applicable for sub-daily calculations.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…The eddy covariance technique is the only method to obtain direct evaporation measurements. Thus, it is considered the most accurate and reliable method to estimate evaporation (Rimmer et al, 2009;Tanny et al, 2008). All other methods assess evaporation indirectly, which means that all measurement errors accumulate into the estimated evaporation (Assouline and Mahrer, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dead Sea evaporation by eddy covariance measurements vs. aerodynamic, energy budget, Priestley–Taylor, and Penman estimates

Vüllers

Nied

Corsmeier

et al. 2018

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. The Dead Sea is a terminal lake, located in an arid environment. Evaporation is the key component of the Dead Sea water budget and accounts for the main loss of water. So far, lake evaporation has been determined by indirect methods only and not measured directly. Consequently, the governing factors of evaporation are unknown. For the first time, long-term eddy covariance measurements were performed at the western Dead Sea shore for a period of 1 year by implementing a new concept for onshore lake evaporation measurements. To account for lake evaporation during offshore wind conditions, a robust and reliable multiple regression model was developed using the identified governing factors wind velocity and water vapour pressure deficit. An overall regression coefficient of 0.8 is achieved. The measurements show that the diurnal evaporation cycle is governed by three local wind systems: a lake breeze during daytime, strong downslope winds in the evening, and strong northerly along-valley flows during the night. After sunset, the strong winds cause half-hourly evaporation rates which are up to 100 % higher than during daytime. The median daily evaporation is 4.3 mm d−1 in July and 1.1 mm d−1 in December. The annual evaporation of the water surface at the measurement location was 994±88 mm a−1 from March 2014 until March 2015. Furthermore, the performance of indirect evaporation approaches was tested and compared to the measurements. The aerodynamic approach is applicable for sub-daily and multi-day calculations and attains correlation coefficients between 0.85 and 0.99. For the application of the Bowen ratio energy budget method and the Priestley–Taylor method, measurements of the heat storage term are inevitable on timescales up to 1 month. Otherwise strong seasonal biases occur. The Penman equation was adapted to calculate realistic evaporation, by using an empirically gained linear function for the heat storage term, achieving correlation coefficients between 0.92 and 0.97. In summary, this study introduces a new approach to measure lake evaporation with a station located at the shoreline, which is also transferable to other lakes. It provides the first directly measured Dead Sea evaporation rates as well as applicable methods for evaporation calculation. The first one enables us to further close the Dead Sea water budget, and the latter one enables us to facilitate water management in the region.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Dead Sea evaporation by eddy covariance measurements vs. aerodynamic, energy budget, Priestley–Taylor, and Penman estimates

Vüllers

Nied

Corsmeier

et al. 2018

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…Very different approaches for assessment have been adopted in previous studies. For example, evaporation from a lake has been determined by class A pan measurements (e.g., Morgenschweis 1985;Rimmer et al 2009), the Dalton approach (e.g., Werner 1987), the water balance equation (e.g., Rouse et al 2003), mass transfer methods (similarity theory approaches), simplified surface energy budget methods (e.g., Bolsenga 1975;Lenters et al 2005;Tanny et al 2008; Momii and Ito 2008;Rimmer et al 2009), model simulations (e.g., Rouse et al 1977;Vercauteren et al 2008;Granger and Hedstrom 2011), or combining flux gradient and model methods (e.g., Elo 2007). Furthermore, sensible heat flux can be measured directly using scintillometers, while latent heat flux has to be assessed indirectly if this method is used (e.g., McJannet et al 2011;Bouin et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turbulent Heat Fluxes above a Suburban Reservoir: A Case Study from Germany

Goldbach

Kuttler

2015

Journal of Hydrometeorology

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With the objective of quantifying turbulent sensible Q H and latent Q E heat fluxes above a suburban reservoir, a micrometeorological turbulence measurement campaign using the eddy covariance technique was carried out between June and November 2012 on the Baldeneysee, an artificial lake (2.64 km 2 area with up to 4-m depth) located in Germany. The study was conducted at this site because there is little information on this type of lake and the findings are important for the local water management system. Sensible heat fluxes show a mean diurnal course with maximum positive values during the early morning hours (maximum 5 131.3 W m 22 ) and negative values in the afternoon (minimum 5 212.3 W m 22 ). During daytime, average Q H /Q* ratios (where Q* is the radiation balance) are, in general, smaller than 0.20. Sensible heat fluxes are especially affected by the product of wind speed and water-air temperature difference, as well as the magnitude of global radiation. In contrast, mean hourly values of Q E are, on average, positive over the whole day, with an absolute spread between 1175.1 and 20.8 W m 22 . During daytime in summer, 74% of the radiation balance is transferred via Q E . The measurement values show that during two summer days, 3.72 and 2.84 mm day 21 of water could be evaporated, whereas during two measurement days in autumn, evaporation rates of only 1.36 and 0.94 mm day 21 were registered. The magnitude of Q E is mainly affected by four main parameters: the product of wind speed and vapor pressure deficit, followed by the magnitude of global radiation and water temperature.

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“…The class A evaporation pan is the most used instrument to measure (or more precisely) to estimate the evaporation of shallow water bodies (Likens, 1985;Brutsaert & Yeh, 1976;Morton, 1983;Rimmer et al, 2009;Ponce, 1989). Evaporation pan measurements must be used with a limitation: the pan coefficient (multiplying the coefficient with the pan evaporation data to get lake evaporation) depends on season, location and the specific pan in use (Abtew, 2001).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Measurements and New Mathematical Methods to Estimate the Pond Evaporation of the French Midwest

Aldomany¹,

Touchart²,

Bartout³

et al. 2017

ASIR

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A comprehensive study across methods and time scales to estimate surface fluxes from Lake Kinneret, Israel

Cited by 47 publications

References 18 publications

Dead Sea evaporation by eddy covariance measurements vs. aerodynamic, energy budget, Priestley–Taylor, and Penman estimates

Dead Sea evaporation by eddy covariance measurements vs. aerodynamic, energy budget, Priestley–Taylor, and Penman estimates

Turbulent Heat Fluxes above a Suburban Reservoir: A Case Study from Germany

Direct Measurements and New Mathematical Methods to Estimate the Pond Evaporation of the French Midwest

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