A comprehensive small and pilot-scale fixed-bed reactor approach for testing Fischer–Tropsch catalyst activity and performance on a BTL route

Hunpinyo, Piyapong; Narataruksa, Phavanee; Tungkamani, Sabaithip; Pana-Suppamassadu, Karn; Chollacoop, Nuwong; Sukkathanyawat, Hussanai; Jiamrittiwong, Prayut

doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.11.004

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Hunpinyo et al [86] performed a kinetic study in both a laboratory-scale and pilot-scale BTL process using a fixed bed reactor, to examine the performance of a rutheniumbased alumina supported catalyst in the F-T synthesis process at atmospheric pressure; they observed higher activity of this catalyst towards the formation of the desired heavy molecular weight hydrocarbons (CO conversion @ temperature = 220 ∘ C and space velocity=3600 hr −1 ). Similar results in terms of product selectivity as well as distribution of hydrocarbon products were achieved in the cases of both the laboratory and pilot scale BTL processes.…”

Section: Overview Of Previous Work Regarding the Fischer-tropsch Synmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of Fischer Tropsch synthesis process, mechanism, surface chemistry and catalyst formulation

Mahmoudi

Doustdar

et al. 2017

Biofuels Engineering

153

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For more than half a century, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) of liquid hydrocarbons was a technology of great potential for the indirect liquefaction of solid or gaseous carbon-based energy sources (Coal-To-Liquid (CTL) and Gas-To-Liquid (GTL)) into liquid transportable fuels. In contrast with the past, nowadays transport fuels are mainly produced from crude oil and there is not considerable diversity in their variety. Due to some limitations in the first generation bio-fuels, the Second-Generation Biofuels (SGB)' technology was developed to perform the Biomass-To-Liquid (BTL) process. The BTL is a well-known multi-step process to convert the carbonaceous feedstock (biomass) into liquid fuels via FTS technology. This paper presents a brief history of FTS technology used to convert coal into liquid hydrocarbons; the significance of bioenergy and SGB are discussed as well. The paper covers the characteristics of biomass, which is used as feedstock in the BTL process. Different mechanisms in the FTS process to describe carbon monoxide hydrogenation as well as surface polymerization reaction are discussed widely in this paper. The discussed mechanisms consist of carbide, COinsertion and the hydroxycarbene mechanism. The surface chemistry of silica support is discussed. Silanol functional groups in silicon chemistry are explained extensively. The catalyst formulation in the Fischer Tropsch (F-T) process as well as F-T reaction engineering is discussed. In addition, the most common catalysts are introduced and the current reactor technologies in the F-T indirect liquefaction process are considered. process overview IntroductionThe over-reliance of the world's nations on conventional fossil fuels puts our planet in peril. The continuity of the current situation will result in the rise of a combined average temperature over global land and ocean surfaces by 5 ∘ C in 2100, bringing a rise in sea levels, food and water shortages and an increase in extreme weather events. The global warming, caused by humans, is one of the biggest threats to our future well-being [1]. In addition, oil reserves are limited and these reserves are decreasing dramatically. This reduction alongside the other relevant economic factors affects the world's oil prices. The need to run engines with the new generation of liquid fuels is inevitable. The investigations by the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) published in 2013 expressed a 56 percent increase in the world's energy consumption by the year 2040. Total world energy demand will have risen to 865 EJ (exajoule) by this year. The total world energy consumption was reported as 553 EJ in 2010. The outlook indicates that renewable energy is one of the fastest-growing energy sources in the world; where its usage increases 2.5 percent per year. Despite increasing success in the renewable energies, it is predicted that the fossil fuels will supply al-

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Section: Overview Of Previous Work Regarding the Fischer-tropsch Synmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of Fischer Tropsch synthesis process, mechanism, surface chemistry and catalyst formulation

Mahmoudi

Doustdar

et al. 2017

Biofuels Engineering

153

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“…Currently, there are relevant theoretical and experimental works that highlight the improvement of the FBR in the FT process. Among the experimental works, the following are prominent: the structural modification of FBR with a static mixer to increase the contact between the gas and solid phase, improving the mass transfer in the radial direction; 154 the intensification of the FT process through hydroprocessing of unbranched FT products is aimed at enhancing the flow properties of hydrocarbons in low temperatures and promoting the production of stable liquid fuels in remote geographical locations; 155 the study of the key-variables of the FT process concerning the activity and performance of the rutheniumbased catalyst for the possible scaling of the process; 156 157−164 In this context, the evaluation of catalyst multilayers accommodation to enhance the chain growth probability with lower energy consumption and without the risk of hotspots deactivating the catalyst is an intriguing proposition that has recently gained traction. 165 Theoretical works are related to molecular dynamics and spectroscopy, studying the mechanisms of reaction and activation of CO/H 2 in polymerization with different types of catalysts, 166,167 the (non)activation of solids in the catalyst through the formation of oxides 166,167 and carbides, 168−170 or the formation of inactive metal−support.…”

Section: ■ Reactors In Ft Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The promoters contribute to the effective reduction of cobalt to cobalt metal and to the favorable distribution of the metal on the support. 9, 156,256,268,271 Catalysts with high performance and long service life.…”

Section: Comentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, there are relevant theoretical and experimental works that highlight the improvement of the FBR in the FT process. Among the experimental works, the following are prominent: the structural modification of FBR with a static mixer to increase the contact between the gas and solid phase, improving the mass transfer in the radial direction; the intensification of the FT process through hydroprocessing of unbranched FT products is aimed at enhancing the flow properties of hydrocarbons in low temperatures and promoting the production of stable liquid fuels in remote geographical locations; the study of the key-variables of the FT process concerning the activity and performance of the ruthenium-based catalyst for the possible scaling of the process; or to improve heat transfer through the intensification of open-cell foam structures, specifically by increasing radial heat transfer through the material thermal conductivity, modifying the reactor configuration through the structure and type of material used in the catalyst matrixi.e., periodic open cellular structure, open-cell metal foam, open/closed cross flows structureshas opened up a new avenue of research known as Packed-Foams reactors. − In this context, the evaluation of catalyst multilayers accommodation to enhance the chain growth probability with lower energy consumption and without the risk of hotspots deactivating the catalyst is an intriguing proposition that has recently gained traction …”

Section: Reactors In Ft Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Overview of Low-Temperature Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: Market Conditions, Raw Materials, Reactors, Scale-Up, Process Intensification, Mechanisms, and Outlook

Apolinar-Hernández,

Bertoli,

Riella

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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The Fischer−Tropsch technology has allowed, since its emergence a century ago, the production of stable liquid fuels from different raw materials in different geographic scenarios that do not necessarily have oil reserves. Some of these raw materials can generate high-quality fuels with a lower content of sulfur, aromatic, and heterocyclic compounds. The scaling and intensification of the reactors are essential factors in this context, and important challenges such as energy transfer due to the highly exothermic reaction, hydrodynamics due to limited information on pilot-scale in a reasonable range of conditions, or reducing CH 4 selectivity while maintaining high conversion through catalyst design, must be considered. This perspective provides an overview of recent developments in industrial-scale low-temperature Fischer−Tropsch reactors, with a focus on the significance of microchannel reactors in the scale-up process. The advancement in the Fischer−Tropsch synthesis is discussed, with an emphasis on the carbide and CO insertion mechanisms, as well as the socio-political-economic factors that continue to impact the development of this technology.

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“…A set of experimental results obtained in a laboratory fixed bed reactor was described and summarized. Moreover, a simplified Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) kinetic model was proposed with two promising models, where the surface decomposition of carbon monoxide was assumed as the rate-determining step (RDS) [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Hydrodynamic and Heat Transfer Profiles for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis in a Fixed Bed Reactor of Different Scales

Saraj¹

2016

ETJ

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Comprehensive hydrodynamic and heat transfer study of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) on a home-based cobalt catalyst, with the presence of water-gas shift (WGS), is conducted with a fixed bed reactor. Two different diameters have been used for the reactor, 4 and 7 inches. To meet the requirements of industrial applications, simulation has been used to scale up the effect on the commercial scale reactor. Synthetic gas was used as a feed stream and its conversion to H 2 was considered. Temperature and velocity profiles were obtained for the different scales.

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A comprehensive small and pilot-scale fixed-bed reactor approach for testing Fischer–Tropsch catalyst activity and performance on a BTL route

Cited by 7 publications

References 67 publications

A review of Fischer Tropsch synthesis process, mechanism, surface chemistry and catalyst formulation

A review of Fischer Tropsch synthesis process, mechanism, surface chemistry and catalyst formulation

An Overview of Low-Temperature Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: Market Conditions, Raw Materials, Reactors, Scale-Up, Process Intensification, Mechanisms, and Outlook

Development of Hydrodynamic and Heat Transfer Profiles for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis in a Fixed Bed Reactor of Different Scales

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