A comprehensive review on variants of SARS-CoVs-2: Challenges, solutions and open issues

Deepanshi,; Budhiraja, Ishan; Garg, Deepak; Kumar, Neeraj; Sharma, Rohit

doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2022.10.013

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Simulated information was explored in the 2 cyber physical systems situations -shrewd matrices and vehicular organizations [131]. Five papers utilizing field information picked the Smack dataset, two reports the CICIDS2017 dataset, and the other diverse datasets [132] [133] [134].…”

Section: E Advancing Datasets Of Cyber Physical Systems Cybersecuritymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Analysis of Enhancing Cyber Security Using Deep Learning for Cyber Physical Systems

Gaba,

Budhiraja,

Kumar

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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In this current era, cyber-physical systems (CPSs) have gained concentrated consideration in various fields because of their emergent applications. Though the robust dependence on communication networks creates cyber-physical systems susceptible to deliberated cyber related attacks and detecting these cyber-attacks are the most challenging task. There is the interaction among the components of the cyber and physical worlds, so CPS security needs a distinct approach from past security concerns. Deep learning (DL) distributes better performance than machine learning (ML) due to its layered architecture and the efficient algorithm for extracting prominent information from training data. So, the deep learning models are taken into consideration quickly for detecting cyber-attacks in cyber physical systems. As numerous attack detection methods have been proposed by various authors for enforcing CPS security, this paper reviews and analyzes multiple ways of attack detection presented for CPS using deep learning. We will be putting the excellent potential for detecting cyber-attacks for CPS concerning deep learning modules. The admirable performance is attained partly as highly quality datasets are eagerly obtainable for the use of the public. Moreover, various challenges and research inclinations are also discussed in impending research.

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Section: E Advancing Datasets Of Cyber Physical Systems Cybersecuritymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Analysis of Enhancing Cyber Security Using Deep Learning for Cyber Physical Systems

Gaba,

Budhiraja,

Kumar

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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“…MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions, or products referred to in the content. waves and the emergence of different SARS-CoV-2 variants have progressed at varying paces and volumes in different countries [2]. As of December 2022, more than 640 million confirmed cases and over 6.6 million deaths worldwide had been reported, with Kenya representing 341,636 cases and 5,684 deaths [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-Cov-2 Antibodies among Patients Visiting Hospital-Based Sentinel Sites in the Rift Valley Region, Kenya

Ruttoh,

Kipkoech,

Tonui

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background: Accurate estimation of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for guiding public health strategies. Underreporting from PCR-based testing, especially in low- and middle-income countries, often obscures the true extent of exposure and immunity to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 among patients visiting hospital-based sentinel sites in Kenya's Rift Valley region following the Omicron wave. Method: We conducted a cross-sectional study in four hospital-based sentinel sites among patients with acute respiratory infection symptoms. Patients aged six months or older visiting the sites between January 2022 and December 2022, presenting with symptoms of acute respiratory infection, were enrolled. Clinical and sociodemographic data were collected using a structured questionnaire. We used a quantitative ELISA kit to detect IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 S protein in serum samples. Results: Among 557 individuals enrolled in the study, the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 97.8% (n=545). Vaccinated individuals demonstrated significantly higher odds of seropositivity compared to unvaccinated counterparts, with an odds ratio of 3.33 (95% CI: (0.4, 27.87)). While seropositivity remained consistent across age groups, older adults exhibited the highest odds. Site-specific differences in enrolment and vaccination rates highlight potential access-related disparities. Conclusion: Our findings indicate widespread prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2 within the study region, underscoring the significant impact of both natural infection and vaccination efforts in driving SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence within the Rift Valley region. Despite the underestimation of infections and disparities in vaccination access, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of vaccination for conferring SARS-CoV-2 immunity. Targeted interventions are crucial to address accessibility barriers and vaccine hesitancy, ensuring equitable vaccination coverage.

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“…Despite numerous COVID-19 vaccines have been approved for emergency use, the rapid evolution of the variants escaped the protection offered by the primary generation of COVID-19 vaccines [ 4 , 5 ]. Existing COVID vaccines which developed on various technology platforms including inactivated vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and adenovirus vector-based vaccines exhibited good performance in protection against the wild-type SARS-CoV-2, however, antibodies induced by these vaccines showed significantly low neutralization effects on variants especially Omicron [ 6–9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous boosting with orally administered aerosolized bivalent adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine and B.1.1.529 variant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine in adults 18 years and older: a randomized, double blinded, parallel controlled trial

Xu,

Wang,

Gao

et al. 2023

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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Vaccination strategies that can induce a broad spectrum immune response are important to enhance protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants. We conducted a randomized, double-blind and parallel controlled trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the bivalent (5×10 10 viral particles) and B.1.1.529 variant (5×10 10 viral particles) adenovirus type-5 (Ad5) vectored COVID-19 vaccines administrated via inhalation. 451 eligible subjects aged 18 years and older who had been vaccinated with three doses inactivated COVID-19 vaccines were randomly assigned to inhale one dose of either B.1.1.529 variant Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine (Ad5-nCoVO-IH group, N=150), bivalent Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine (Ad5-nCoV/O-IH group, N=151), or Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine (5×10 10 viral particles; Ad5-nCoV-IH group, N=150). Adverse reactions reported by 37 (24.67%) participants in the Ad5-nCoVO-IH group, 28 (18.54%) in the Ad5-nCoV/O-IH group, and 26 (17.33%) in the Ad5-nCoV-IH group with mainly mild to moderate dry mouth, oropharyngeal pain, headache, myalgia, cough, fever and fatigue. No serious adverse events related to the vaccine were reported. Investigational vaccines were immunogenic, with significant difference in the GMTs of neutralizing antibodies against Omicron BA.1 between Ad5-nCoV/O-IH (43.70) and Ad5-nCoV-IH (29.25) at 28 days after vaccination (P=0.0238). The seroconversion rates of neutralizing antibodies against BA.1 in Ad5-nCoVO-IH, Ad5-nCoV/O-IH, and Ad5-nCoV-IH groups were 56.00%, 59.60% and 48.67% with no significant difference among the groups. Overall, the investigational vaccines were demonstrated to be safe and well tolerated in adults, and was highly effective in inducing mucosal immunities in addition to humoral and cellular immune responses defending against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Trial registration: Chictr.org identifier: ChiCTR2200063996.

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A comprehensive review on variants of SARS-CoVs-2: Challenges, solutions and open issues

Cited by 17 publications

References 60 publications

A Systematic Analysis of Enhancing Cyber Security Using Deep Learning for Cyber Physical Systems

A Systematic Analysis of Enhancing Cyber Security Using Deep Learning for Cyber Physical Systems

Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-Cov-2 Antibodies among Patients Visiting Hospital-Based Sentinel Sites in the Rift Valley Region, Kenya

Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous boosting with orally administered aerosolized bivalent adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine and B.1.1.529 variant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine in adults 18 years and older: a randomized, double blinded, parallel controlled trial

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