A comprehensive review on the factors affecting thermochemical conversion efficiency of algal biomass to energy

Das, Pritam; Chandramohan, V.P.; Mathimani, Thangavel; Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144213

Cited by 34 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…Moreover, pretreatment of algal bio-oil will be desired if biomass with high nitrogen is processed via hydrothermal liquefaction ( Das et al, 2021 ; Farooq, 2021 ). Biomass per unit nitrogen is high at the lowest nitrogen content, but low total biomass per liter (in the case of 15.8 ppm nitrogen) will increase the harvesting cost.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maximizing Energy Content and CO2 Bio-fixation Efficiency of an Indigenous Isolated Microalga Parachlorella kessleri HY-6 Through Nutrient Optimization and Water Recycling During Cultivation

Farooq

2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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An alternative source of energy and materials with low negative environmental impacts is essential for a sustainable future. Microalgae is a promising candidate in this aspect. The focus of this study is to optimize the supply of nitrogen and carbon dioxide during the cultivation of locally isolated strain Parachlorella kessleri HY-6. This study focuses on optimizing nitrogen and CO2 supply based on total biomass and biomass per unit amount of nitrogen and CO2. Total biomass increased from 1.23 to 2.30 g/L with an increase in nitrogen concentration from 15.8 to 47.4 mg/L. However, biomass per unit amount of nitrogen supplied was higher at low nitrogen content. Biomass and CO2 fixation rate increased at higher CO2 concentrations in bubbling air, but CO2 fixation efficiency decreased drastically. Finally, the energy content of biomass increased with increases in both nitrogen and CO2 supply. This work thoroughly analyzed the biomass composition via ultimate, proximate, and biochemical analysis. Water is recycled three times for cultivation at three different nitrogen levels. Microalgae biomass increased during the second recycling and then decreased drastically during the third. Activated carbon helped remove the organics after the third recycling to improve the water recyclability. This study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate variables for optimization by considering net energy investment in terms of nutrients (as nitrogen) and CO2 fixation efficiency and effective water recycling.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maximizing Energy Content and CO2 Bio-fixation Efficiency of an Indigenous Isolated Microalga Parachlorella kessleri HY-6 Through Nutrient Optimization and Water Recycling During Cultivation

Farooq

2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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“…The presence of carrier gas significantly increases the performance of the pyrolysis process. The type of catalyst that can be used to optimize the final product yield as acid catalysts improve the yield of biochar, while base catalyst improves the yield of bio-oil (Das et al 2021b).…”

Section: Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A catalyst such as ruthenium on titania (Ru/TiO 2 ) or nickel-based improves process efficiency while increasing tar removal efficiency to 80-100%. A higher equivalence ratio improves fuel quality and conversion efficiency (Das et al 2021b).…”

Section: Gasificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Algal biomass valorization for biofuel production and carbon sequestration: a review

et al. 2022

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The world is experiencing an energy crisis and environmental issues due to the depletion of fossil fuels and the continuous increase in carbon dioxide concentrations. Microalgal biofuels are produced using sunlight, water, and simple salt minerals. Their high growth rate, photosynthesis, and carbon dioxide sequestration capacity make them one of the most important biorefinery platforms. Furthermore, microalgae's ability to alter their metabolism in response to environmental stresses to produce relatively high levels of high-value compounds makes them a promising alternative to fossil fuels. As a result, microalgae can significantly contribute to long-term solutions to critical global issues such as the energy crisis and climate change. The environmental benefits of algal biofuel have been demonstrated by significant reductions in carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and sulfur oxide emissions. Microalgae-derived biomass has the potential to generate a wide range of commercially important high-value compounds, novel materials, and feedstock for a variety of industries, including cosmetics, food, and feed. This review evaluates the potential of using microalgal biomass to produce a variety of bioenergy carriers, including biodiesel from stored lipids, alcohols from reserved carbohydrate fermentation, and hydrogen, syngas, methane, biochar and bio-oils via anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, and gasification. Furthermore, the potential use of microalgal biomass in carbon sequestration routes as an atmospheric carbon removal approach is being evaluated. The cost of algal biofuel production is primarily determined by culturing (77%), harvesting (12%), and lipid extraction (7.9%). As a result, the choice of microalgal species and cultivation mode (autotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic) are important factors in controlling biomass and bioenergy production, as well as fuel properties. The simultaneous production of microalgal biomass in agricultural, municipal, or industrial wastewater is a low-cost option that could significantly reduce economic and environmental costs while also providing a valuable remediation service. Microalgae have also been proposed as a viable candidate for carbon dioxide capture from the atmosphere or an industrial point source. Microalgae can sequester 1.3 kg of carbon dioxide to produce 1 kg of biomass. Using potent microalgal strains in efficient design bioreactors for carbon dioxide sequestration is thus a challenge. Microalgae can theoretically use up to 9% of light energy to capture and convert 513 tons of carbon dioxide into 280 tons of dry biomass per hectare per year in open and closed cultures. Using an integrated microalgal bio-refinery to recover high-value-added products could reduce waste and create efficient biomass processing into bioenergy. To design an efficient atmospheric carbon removal system, algal biomass cultivation should be coupled with thermochemical technologies, such as pyrolysis.

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“…The thermochemical method for biomass valorization includes gasification, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) (Das et al, 2021). Gasification requires a high temperature (750-850 °C) to decompose various dried feedstocks into syn-gas (H 2 and CO mixture) with limited oxygen supply, and the obtained syn-gas can be further synthesized into biomethane and other value-added chemicals.…”

Section: Biowaste Conversion Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diluted Bitumen: Physicochemical Properties, Weathering Processes, Emergency Response, and Recovery

Zhong

Lin

et al. 2022

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Bitumen, an unconventional crude oil, has received much attention with the increasing consumption and the shrinking storage of conventional crude oils. Bitumen is highly viscous and, thus, is commonly diluted for transportation purposes. Spills of diluted bitumen could occur during the transportation from reservoirs to refineries via pipeline, rail, and marine vessels. Although some laboratory and numerical modeling studies have been contributed to study the spill of diluted bitumen from different aspects, there is no systematic review in the field yet. Therefore, this study first conducted a review on different types of diluted bitumen based on their physicochemical properties, followed by their weathering processes including spreading, evaporation, emulsification, photooxidation, biodegradation, and sinking. Second, the numerical modeling on the fate and behavior of spilled diluted bitumen was summarized and analyzed. Finally, the techniques for spilled oil recovery were discussed, as well as the disposal/treatment of oily waste. Currently, a rare attempt has been made to turn the recovered oily waste into wealth (reutilization/valorization of oily waste). Using the recovered oily waste as the feedstock/processing medium for an emerging thermochemical conversion technique (hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass for crude bio-oil production) is highly recommended. Overall, this article summarized the state-of-the-art knowledge of the spill of diluted bitumen, with the hope to create a deep and systematic understanding on the spill of diluted bitumen for researchers, relevant companies, and decision makers.

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A comprehensive review on the factors affecting thermochemical conversion efficiency of algal biomass to energy

Cited by 34 publications

References 114 publications

Maximizing Energy Content and CO2 Bio-fixation Efficiency of an Indigenous Isolated Microalga Parachlorella kessleri HY-6 Through Nutrient Optimization and Water Recycling During Cultivation

Maximizing Energy Content and CO2 Bio-fixation Efficiency of an Indigenous Isolated Microalga Parachlorella kessleri HY-6 Through Nutrient Optimization and Water Recycling During Cultivation

Algal biomass valorization for biofuel production and carbon sequestration: a review

Diluted Bitumen: Physicochemical Properties, Weathering Processes, Emergency Response, and Recovery

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