A Comprehensive Review on Power-Quality Issues, Optimization Techniques, and Control Strategies of Microgrid Based on Renewable Energy Sources

Abstract

Microgrids (MGs) are systems that cleanly, efficiently, and economically integrate Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) and Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) to the electrical grid. They are capable of reducing transmission losses and improving the use of electricity and heat. However, RESs presents intermittent behavior derived from the stochastic nature of the renewable resources available on site. This can cause power-quality issues throughout the electrical grid, which can be solved by different optimization techniques and/or control strategies applied to power converters. This paper offers a detailed review of the literature regarding three important aspects: (i) Power-quality issues generated in MGs both in islanded mode and grid-connected mode; (ii) Optimization techniques used in the MGs to achieve the optimal operating conditions of the Energy Management System (EMS); and (iii) Control strategies implemented in the MGs to guarantee stability, mitigation of power-quality issues, power balance, and synchronization with the grid. It is worth mentioning that in this paper, we emphasize hybrid MGs (HMGs) since they combine the benefits of AC–MGs and DC–MGs while increasing system reliability. As the utility grid moves toward an optimal design of MG structures, this paper will serve as a foundation for future research, comparative analysis, and further development of novel techniques regarding HMGs.

Análisis Comparativo de Mercados Eléctricos Centralizados y Descentralizados y las Consecuencias de la Inserción de Energías Renovables

“…Los principales participantes en estos mercados son los generadores de energía, los comercializadores y los consumidores. Cada uno de estos actores juega un papel esencial en la dinámica de oferta y demanda, lo que afecta directamente el precio de la electricidad [21].…”

Modified Droop Control for Microgrid Power-Sharing Stability Improvement

“…It primarily depends on calculating the real and reactive power and inserts a droop coefficient to produce frequency and voltage Figure 2. The instantaneous power produced at the output terminals of the inverter could be expressed by Equation (1).…”

“…Microgrids are quickly emerging as a key tool for reducing our dependence on fossil fuels while improving the efficiency and reliability of our power grids. By using localized power generation and distribution, microgrids are able to offer greater independence from central power grids, reducing the risk of blackouts and other disruptions [1]. Additionally, the development and implementation of microgrids require expertise from a wide range of scientific disciplines, including electrical engineering, power electronics, and computer science, to ensure that they operate efficiently and effectively.…”

Fuzzy Control Systems for Power Quality Improvement—A Systematic Review Exploring Their Efficacy and Efficiency

“…PQ disturbances in power systems can cause a range of problems, including supplementary power losses, premature aging of components, low-power factors, equipment malfunction, and even total failure [41][42][43]. To help prevent these issues, international standards have been developed by organizations such as the European Norms, American National Standard Institute, IEC, and IEEE.…”