A comprehensive review on phenol‐formaldehyde resin‐based composites and foams

Abstract

This article covers the introduction to polymer composites, phenol formaldehyde resin, phenol formaldehyde composites, and foams along with their properties and applications. The previous research in the fields of phenol formaldehyde composites, nanocomposites, and PF foams is also covered in depth. Various combinations of nanomaterials and processes have been investigated in the field of structural composites to meet the requirements of industries such as automotive, aerospace, military, civil, and construction. Due to their different features and possibilities when compared to equivalents composed of other polymers, particularly thermosets, phenol-formaldehyde reinforced composites are commonly used for large load bearing structural applications. Composite properties can be improved by using nanoparticles, which are materials that have been developed as a result of advances in nanotechnology. This research focuses on a literature review of nanofillers' use to improve the structural properties of phenol-formaldehyde composites and foams published in the last two decades. The use of nanomaterials to modify composites is examined in depth.

Influence of reaction variables on the surface chemistry of cellulose nanofibers derived from palm oil empty fruit bunches

“…Nonetheless, it is worth noting that the actual size of EFB-TOCNs could be smaller than the values measured by DLS due to nanocellulose aggregation, which could affect the size in this technique. 37 Based on the data presented in Fig. 3b, all TOCN suspensions have z potential values above ±30 mV, indicating a high level of colloidal stability, likely due to coulombic repulsions between carboxylate groups.…”

“…50 mL of the TOCN suspension (0.7%) were placed on conductive carbon tape, dried under vacuum, and coated with gold. Size distribution and z potential (colloidal stability) of EFB-TOCN and TOCN suspensions (0.01% w/v) were estimated by Dynamic Light Scattering Analysis (DLS) using a MALVERN Zetasizer ZS90 instrument (Worcestershire, UK) 37 DTS-0012 polystyrene and DTS-1070 cells were used for size distribution and z potential measurements, respectively. Each measurement of z potential was performed in triplicate and error bars indicate standard deviation.…”

Functionalization of cellulose nanocrystals extracted from pineapple leaves as a UV-absorbing agent in poly(lactic acid)

“…All spectra exhibited broad peaks from 3000 cm −1 to 3500 cm −1 of O-H stretching 29 and sharp peaks at 2913 cm −1 and 2844 cm −1 from C-H stretching of cellulose molecules. 24 For PAL and APAL, the hydroxyl groups were bound by lignin, waxes and hemicelluloses; therefore, the intensities of these peaks were boarder compared to those of BPAL and CNCs. All samples exhibited the characteristic peaks of 1243 cm −1 and 1726 cm −1 , which can be ascribed to C-O stretching of lignin and hemicellulose molecules, and C]O stretching of a, bunsaturated ester molecules of lignin, respectively.…”

“…where I (002) is the maximum intensity of lattice diffraction at 2q = 22°and I am is the diffraction intensity of an amorphous region of nanocellulose at 2q = 15°. 24 (5) The morphologies of the CNCs and Cin-CNCs were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM; Hitachi, HT7700) at an accelerating voltage of 80 kV. The samples were diluted 200 times with DI water.…”

Effect of hybridization on natural fiber reinforced polymer composite materials – A review

“…Composites can be reinforced with fibers, particles, or even whiskers. Particles are typically utilized to improve the quality or lower the cost of structural applications 9 . Particles have length‐to‐diameter ratios of the order of one and dimensions ranging from the diameter of a fiber to several millimeters.…”