Energy conversion, consumption, and storage technologies form the pillar of a robust and sustainable energy ecosystem. The continuous economic, technological, and social improvement of humans has triggered the development of various energy conversion technologies for subsequent consumption to power our daily lives and economic activities. Energy storage technologies, such as batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells, act as a bridge between energy conversion and consumption, allowing us to store energy and use it when demand is high or during periods of low production output. This safeguards a sustainable and reliable energy supply, mitigating the effects of inconsistency inherent in energy conversion and consumption.At the beginning of human civilization, humans depend on simple energy storage methods such as storing kindling and food to survive during periods of shortage. In the 19 th century, the quest for energy storage systems became more apparent with the advent of electricity. The invention of the voltaic pile [1] marked a significant development, providing a method for storing electrical energy through chemical reactions and leading to the foundation for modern-day energy storage technologies such as batteries and supercapacitors. In order to balance energy conversion, consumption, resources, materials, and necessity, the ongoing research and development of advanced energy storage technologies plays a crucial role. This prompted the evolution of energy storage technologies from the Leyden jar [2] to modern-day batteries (e. g., Li-ion batteries, alkaline batteries, redox flow batteries, etc.), supercapacitors (e. g., electric double-layer capacitors, pseudocapacitors, hybrid capacitors, etc.), and fuel cells. Even though battery technologies have achieved significant advancement, challenges remain, such as environmental impact, high cost, low cycle life, the difficulty of simultaneous energy conversion and storage, and the need to improve energy density. Although supercapacitors