A comprehensive review on loops in orthodontics

Abstract

Extraction therapies are commonly done in patients with protrusion and/or crowding which demands a thorough understanding of biomechanics. Two basic types of space closing mechanics are friction/sliding and frictionless/loop mechanics. In the former, the wire and position of the bracket are important factors in tooth movement but the simplicity of friction mechanics is offset by the binding between bracket and archwire and may be associated with undesirable side effects such as uncontrolled tipping and deep bite. In frictionless mechanics, specially designed springs are used which provides the required moment to force ratio (M/F ratio) in three dimensions and they are more predictable and versatile. An electronic literature search was conducted via google scholar, PubMed, and dental associations’ of different countries’ website using the key word “Loops” and “Frictionless mechanics.Different configuration of loops have been used in orthodontic treatment and a comprehensive review of types of loops commonly used in retraction has been highlighted in this article.: Provide appropriate messages of about 35-50 words to be printed in centre box:In frictionless mechanics, specially designed springs are used which provides the required moment to force ratio in three dimensions and they are more predictable and versatile. Different configuration of loops have been used and a comprehensive review of types of loops commonly used in retraction has been highlighted in this article.

Frictionless Mechanics for Correction of Bimaxillary Protrusion: A Case Report

“…[7]. Reverse loop was introduced by Dr. RH Strang in 1933 [8]. Reverse closing loop is relatively cheap, simple, easy to make, and easy to operate.…”

Simultaneous Intrusion and Retraction of Maxillary Anterior Teeth in Class II Malocclusion Using the Kalra Simultaneous Intrusion and Retraction (K-SIR) Loop: A Case Report

“…Sliding and loop mechanics are the two fundamental subtypes of space closure mechanics. In sliding mechanics, the wire and bracket location play a significant role in tooth movement; nevertheless, the binding between the bracket and archwire negates the simplicity of friction mechanics and may lead to unfavorable side effects, including deep bite and uncontrollably tipping teeth [1].…”

Development of a tooth movement model of root resorption during intrusive orthodontic treatment

“…In orthodontic treatment, loops of geometric forms are fabricated with bendable wires (e.g., stainless steel) to obtain the desired tooth movement 13) . Vertical helical loop 14) , box loop 15) , and L loop 16) are used for tooth movement in orthodontic treatment. These loops can return to its original state and exert force when the loop shape is squeezed [14][15][16] .…”

“…Vertical helical loop 14) , box loop 15) , and L loop 16) are used for tooth movement in orthodontic treatment. These loops can return to its original state and exert force when the loop shape is squeezed [14][15][16] . It is widely used clinically in treating single or multiple teeth under pressure but may cause root resorption 17) .…”