A comprehensive review on heat accounting and cost allocation in residential buildings in EU

Canale, Laura; Dell’Isola, Marco; Ficco, Giorgio; Cholewa, Tomasz; Siggelsten, Simon; Balen, Igor

doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109398

Cited by 34 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…lecture, lunch, exercise activity, etc.). Optimizing the provided ventilation based on demand is important given the high energy cost of conditioning outside air in many climates [ [65] , [66] , [67] , [68] , [69] ]; however, our proposed strategy for practical infection control is based on the activities of the occupants rather than CO 2 a priori . Where activity schedules are consistent, modes of operation can be scheduled in advance to eliminate the need for constant adjustment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventilation procedures to minimize the airborne transmission of viruses in classrooms

Stabile

Pacitto

Mikszewski

et al. 2021

Building and Environment

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Reducing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through indoor air is the key challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic. Crowded indoor environments, such as schools, represent possible hotspots for virus transmission since the basic non-pharmaceutical mitigation measures applied so far (e.g. social distancing) do not eliminate the airborne transmission mode. There is widespread consensus that improved ventilation is needed to minimize the transmission potential of airborne viruses in schools, whether through mechanical systems or ad-hoc manual airing procedures in naturally ventilated buildings. However, there remains significant uncertainty surrounding exactly what ventilation rates are required, and how to best achieve these targets with limited time and resources. This paper uses a mass balance approach to quantify the ability of both mechanical ventilation and ad-hoc airing procedures to mitigate airborne transmission risk in the classroom environment. For naturally-ventilated classrooms, we propose a novel feedback control strategy using CO 2 concentrations to continuously monitor and adjust the airing procedure. Our case studies show how such procedures can be applied in the real world to support the reopening of schools during the pandemic. Our results also show the inadequacy of relying on absolute CO 2 concentration thresholds as the sole indicator of airborne transmission risk.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventilation procedures to minimize the airborne transmission of viruses in classrooms

Stabile

Pacitto

Mikszewski

et al. 2021

Building and Environment

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“…lecture, lunch, exercise activity, etc.). Optimizing the provided ventilation based on demand is important given the high energy cost of conditioning outside air in many climates [60–64]; however, our proposed strategy for practical infection control is based on the activities of the occupants rather than CO2 a priori . Where activity schedules are consistent, modes of operation can be scheduled in advance to eliminate the need for constant adjustment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventilation procedures to minimize the airborne transmission of viruses at schools

Stabile

Pacitto

Mikszewski

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Reducing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through indoor air is the key challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic. Crowded indoor environments, such as schools, represent possible hotspots for virus transmission since the basic non-pharmaceutical mitigation measures applied so far (e.g. social distancing) do not eliminate the airborne transmission mode. There is widespread consensus that improved ventilation is needed to minimize the transmission potential of airborne viruses in schools, whether through mechanical systems or ad-hoc manual airing procedures in naturally ventilated buildings. However, there remains significant uncertainty surrounding exactly what ventilation rates are required, and how to best achieve these targets with limited time and resources. This paper uses a mass balance approach to quantify the ability of both mechanical ventilation and ad-hoc airing procedures to mitigate airborne transmission risk in the classroom environment. For naturally-ventilated classrooms, we propose a novel feedback control strategy using CO2 concentrations to continuously monitor and adjust the airing procedure. Our case studies show how such procedures can be applied in the real world to support the reopening of schools during the pandemic. Our results also show the inadequacy of relying on absolute CO2 concentration thresholds as the sole indicator of airborne transmission risk.

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“…For simplicity reasons, for classification of smart metering and sub-metering devices, the authors will refer to the "typical" (i.e., more widespread) configuration of technical plants supplying residential buildings in Italy [21,22]: (i) heating system, consisting of a centralized or autonomous boiler supplied by natural gas for the production of hot water and of heating, through a hydronic system with radiators/fan coils emitters; (ii) electrical system, for the electricity consumed inside the apartment by all the installed electrical appliances and devices and lighting systems; (iii) natural gas system, supplying the main boiler and the cooking appliances. Following the above-described classification, metering and sub-metering of the heating system allow the control and monitoring of energy consumption of heating and domestic hot water [23][24][25][26][27][28]. At the metering level, the smart direct thermal energy meter directly measures the consumptions of the boiler for heating and hot water production services at the building level.…”

Section: Level 1: Smart Metering and Sub-metering Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An IoT Integrated Tool to Enhance User Awareness on Energy Consumption in Residential Buildings

et al. 2019

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Unaware behaviors of occupants can affect energy consumption even more than incorrect installations and building envelope inefficiencies, with significant overconsumptions widely documented. Real time data and an effective and frequent billing of actual consumptions are required to reach an adequate awareness of energy consumption. From this point of view, the European Directive 2012/27/EU already imposed the use of metering and sub-metering systems, setting the minimum criteria for billing and related information based on real energy consumption data. To assess the ability of buildings to exploit new information and communication technologies (ICT) and sensitize both landlords and tenants to related savings, the new European Directive 2018/844/EU promotes the use of a smart readiness indicator. At the same time, basic information about indoor thermal comfort should be also gathered, aimed at avoiding that an excessive saving tendency can determine the onset of issues related to excessively low internal temperatures. In this paper, the authors address the problem of gathering, processing, and transmitting energy consumption and basic indoor air temperature data in the framework of an Internet of Things (IoT) integrated tool aimed at increasing residential user awareness through the use of consumption and benchmark indexes. Two case-studies in which thermal and electrical energy monitoring systems have been tested are presented and discussed. Finally, the suitability of the communication of energy consumption in terms of temporal, spatial, and typological aggregation has been evaluated.

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A comprehensive review on heat accounting and cost allocation in residential buildings in EU

Cited by 34 publications

References 36 publications

Ventilation procedures to minimize the airborne transmission of viruses in classrooms

Ventilation procedures to minimize the airborne transmission of viruses in classrooms

Ventilation procedures to minimize the airborne transmission of viruses at schools

An IoT Integrated Tool to Enhance User Awareness on Energy Consumption in Residential Buildings

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