A comprehensive review on green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and their diverse biomedical applications

Abstract

Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have found a variety of applications in numerous industrial, medical, and environmental fields s, attributable to recent advances in the nanotechnology field. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) have gained importance as metal oxide NPs due to their potential in various fields, particularly nanomedicine and other biomedicine fields. Several studies have confirmed that NPs produced via the biosynthesis route using natural resources have significant advantages such as fewer toxic contaminants, less subsequent complex chemical synthesis, environmental friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and stability when compared to NPs produced by conventional methods, and its production with controlled shapes and sizes. Therefore, considerable effort is being expended to implement biological synthesis methods with these proven advantages. TiO2-NPs can be made using a variety of biological, chemical, and physical methods. Physicochemical methods are costly, emit high levels of toxic chemicals into the atmosphere, and consume a lot of energy. On the other hand, the biological approach is an environmentally safe, cost-effective, dependable, convenient, and easy way to synthesize TiO2-NPs. In this review, the bio-mediated synthesis, as well as various biomedical applications of TiO2-NPs, were discussed.

A Review of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)-Based Photocatalyst for Oilfield-Produced Water Treatment

“…Recently, a few studies have been conducted on the green synthesis of TiO 2 utilizing plant-assisted and microbe-assisted approaches, which have advantages, such as non-toxicity, well-maintained reagent management, and a safe procedure [ 40 ]. Plant-assisted synthesis is more stable than microbe-assisted synthesis and has a higher yield but is less expensive [ 41 , 42 ].…”

“…Plant-assisted synthesis is more stable than microbe-assisted synthesis and has a higher yield but is less expensive [ 41 , 42 ]. Plant-assisted synthesis of TiO 2 can be performed through several steps, including: plant extraction from any part (the flowers, seeds, leaves, and roots), mixing treatment of TiO 2 precursor solution with plant extract, and post-treatment (drying and calcination) [ 40 ].…”

Green Synthesis of Metal Oxides Semiconductors for Gas Sensing Applications

“…Moreover, the plant extracts can control the synthesis of nanoparticles to obtain well-defined morphologies and size using only one step with a high yield synthesis [22]. Therefore, extensive attention has been paid to the biosynthesis of nanoparticles using various parts of plants such as leaves, roots, flowers, and fruits as a facile, efficient, cost-effective, and alternative route to traditional production methods [53]. Gold and silver were the first biosynthesized nanoparticles using plant extract [58,[61][62][63].…”

“…However, the synthesis of NPs via plant-mediation leads to more stable products than with microbe-mediated synthesis [178]. In addition, leaves are richer in metabolites, thus, they are more widely used to produce extract [53]. In 2022, Sagadevan et al [53] summarized biosynthesized TiO 2 NPs through plant extract and microbes (fungi and bacteria): clustered or polydispersed, spherical, quasi-spherical, oval, or tetragonal particles ranging from 2 to 150 nm can be obtained in function of the selected precursors.…”

Clay-Supported Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Catalytic Advanced Oxidation Processes: A Review

“…The enhanced reactivity of α-Mn 2 O 3 is related to its high specific surface area and higher amounts of low-coordinated surface oxygen sites, which are capable of facilitating the activation of oxygen and improving the surface redox properties. For photocatalysis schemes, TiO 2 is the most popular material [ 38 , 39 ].…”