A comprehensive review on graphene-based materials as biosensors for cancer detection

Abstract

Nowadays, cancer is increasingly becoming one of the foremost threats to human being life worldwide, and diagnosing this deadly disease is one of the major priorities of researchers. Described as a monolayer-thin-sheet of hexagonally patterned carbon atoms, ‘graphene’ is considered an innovative evergreen carbon material ideal for a wide array of sensing applications and nanotechnologies. Graphene-based materials have acquired a huge share of interest in the scope of biosensor fabrication for early and accurate cancer diagnosis. Herein, we have insights reviewed the various routes and technologies for synthesized graphene, and graphene-based materials including 3D graphene (i.e., hydrogels, foams, sponges, porous), and 0D graphene (i.e., quantum dots). Moreover, we have introduced the different types of graphene/graphene-based materials biosensors (i.e., electrochemical biosensors, optical biosensors, field-effect transistors biosensors, electrochemiluminescence biosensors, and microfluidics biosensors) and their merits and applications for cancer pre-stage detection.

Recent advances in biological molecule detection based on a three-dimensional graphene structure

“…Graphene-based 3D composite materials have been widely used in the field of cancer cell detection in recent years. 143 The basic principle of the electrochemical detection of cancer cells is to recognize cancer cells by combining graphene-based composite materials with specific receptors of characteristic proteins on the surface of certain cancer cells, thereby achieving detection results. 144 As shown in Table 4, 3D graphene composites have been widely used in the detection of cancer cells.…”

Review on Healthcare Biosensing Nanomaterials

“…Polymer nanofibers, AuNPs, AgNPs, graphene, and CNTs are common materials for solid-state sensing. Graphene and its composites have drawn much interest to fabricating biosensors for detecting volatile organic gases, H 2 O 2 , dopamine, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, uric acid, pesticides, cancer biomarkers, and many more life-threatening diseases. − …”

Emerging Multifunctional Carbon‐Nanomaterial‐Based Biosensors for Cancer Diagnosis

“…Among the carbon nanomaterials, graphene-based biosensors attract the most attention owing to the unique crystalline structure with one single element and the advantages of low cost and high accuracy. [86][87][88] In addition, carbon quantum dots (QDs) emerge as novel zero-dimensional (0D) materials in sensing technology because of their high affinity, good intracellular solubility, and specificity for detecting cancer cells with higher accuracy. [89][90][91] Besides, other carbon nanomaterials, such as porous carbon, [92] graphic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ), [93,94] fullerene, [95] and carbon nanotubes, [85] also present a massive potential for biosensing applications.…”