A comprehensive review on electrochemical green ammonia synthesis: From conventional to distinctive strategies for efficient nitrogen fixation

Electrochemical-catalytic NH3 synthesis from H2O and N2 using an electrochemical cell with a Ru catalyst, Pd–Ag membrane cathode, and NaOH–KOH molten salt electrolyte at 250 °C

“…5,6 It is important to convert this electricity into chemical energy carriers and store it for use at times and places when humans need it. 7,8 Therefore, a huge number of research studies have been conducted on electrochemical reduction of nitrogen to produce NH 3 9–13 and electrochemical reduction of CO 2 to produce hydrocarbons. 14,15…”

“…5,6 It is important to convert this electricity into chemical energy carriers and store it for use at times and places when humans need it. 7,8 Therefore, huge number of researches have been conducted on electrochemical reduction of nitrogen to produce NH 3 [9][10][11][12][13] and electrochemical reduction of CO 2 to produce hydrocarbons. [14][15] However, while the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 to CO is approaching practical efficiency, 14 the production of NH 3 via electrochemical reduction of N 2 16 and the production of hydrocarbons or alcohols via electrochemical reduction of CO 2 15 are not considered to have reached practical levels due to low current efficiency and significant overpotentials.…”

Combined Effect of Pressure and Temperature on Nitrogen Reduction Reaction in Water

“…Many catalysts have been studied to improve nitrogen reduction performance, but the overall efficiency and production yield remain quite low to meet the practical requirements. Among the others, noble metal nanostructured catalysts are considered very promising since they are characterized by a large number of active sites and good conductivity [9][10][11][12]. In particular, for nitrogen electroreduction, it has been proposed that the d orbitals of the noble metals may interact with the lone pair electrons of N 2 , resulting in a weakening of the N 2 triple bond, and it has been proven that the nitrogen reduction on gold surfaces occurs through an associative mechanism during which the hydrogenation of N atoms and the breaking of the triple N 2 bonds occur simultaneously [1,13].…”