A Comprehensive Review on Covid-19

Abstract

: During the past two decades, multiple viral epidemics have emerged, including the epidemics of H1N1 influenza in 2009 and the Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 - 2003. Moreover, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was initially recognized in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Recently, cases of another lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) were discovered in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, on December 31st 2019, and reported to the WHO country office in the country. Studies in the field have referred to the identification of first symptomatic people in early December 2019. Since experts in the field could not determine the causative agent of the disease, they mistakenly categorized the first reported cases as pneumonia of unknown etiology (PUE). Therefore, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), as well as local CDCs, arranged a full outbreak investigation plan, ascribing the etiology to a newly discovered virus of the coronavirus (CoV) family (i.e., the causative agent of COVID-19).

SARS-CoV-2 in 30 Months, Indonesia’s Data Tells: Study from a Reference Laboratory in North Jakarta and Its Reflection for Regional to National COVID-19 Situation

“…During this second wave, the positivity rate reached its peak in June 2021 for AJCUI and in July 2021 for DKI Jakarta and Indonesia. The Delta variant has been shown to have a higher transmission rate than the previous variants, even in fully vaccinated people, and it is estimated that the Delta variant is twice as contagious compared to the previous variants [13][14][15].…”

“…However, a shift in regulation was initiated from LSSR to micro-scale activity restriction followed by emergency care considering the high number of COVID-19 cases [38,39]. The increase and the high number of COVID-19-positive patients may have been driven by the Delta variant, which has a higher transmission rate than prior variants and is considered to be twice as contagious as earlier variants [13][14][15]. Subsequently, on July 26, 2021, as a result of strict emergency CARE regulations, the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases declined, allowing the public to adjust their mobility according to CARE Levels 4 and 3 [40,41].…”

A performance comparison of heterostructure surface plasmon resonance biosensor for the diagnosis of novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

“…spike glycoproteins are divided into two subunits known as S1 and S2 proteins. The S1 protein is primarily responsible for interacting with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) host cell receptor, whereas the S2 protein is responsible for membrane fusion (Hassanpour and Nikbakht 2021 ; Astuti and Ysrafil 2020 ; Wong et al 2004 ; Huang et al 2020 ; Weir 2020 ). More intriguingly, in the new variants of SARS-CoV-2, the significant changes naturally acquired in the spike mutation more effectually attach to the human ACE2 receptor, and these new variants become a more contagious virus.…”

A Performance Comparison of Heterostructure Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for the Diagnosis of Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

“…spike glycoproteins are divided into two subunits known as S1 and S2 proteins. The S1 protein is primarily responsible for interacting with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) host cell receptor, whereas the S2 protein is responsible for membrane fusion [4]- [8]. More intriguingly, in the new variants of SARS-CoV-2, the significant changes naturally acquired in the spike mutation more effectually material layered structure, N. Mudgal et al reported a hybrid structure having four-layer that consists of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), h-BN (hexagonal boron nitride), Au, and graphene.…”