A comprehensive review on cold work of AISI D2 tool steel

Rahim, M. A.; Minhat, Mohamad; Hussein, Nur Izan Syahriah; Salleh, Mohd Shukor

doi:10.1051/metal/2017048

Cited by 26 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…The second group of steels investigated in this study comprises classes that, in addition to martensite and retained austenite in the quenched state, also contain undissolved carbides (eutectic; secondary) (Figure 2b, [98]). Ball bearing steels, ledeburitic cold work tool steels [99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110], or high-speed steels [111][112][113] are typical examples.…”

Section: Scope Of the Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryogenic Treatment of Martensitic Steels: Microstructural Fundamentals and Implications for Mechanical Properties and Wear and Corrosion Performance

Jurči,

Dlouhý

2024

Materials

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Conventional heat treatment is not capable of converting a sufficient amount of retained austenite into martensite in high-carbon or high-carbon and high-alloyed iron alloys. Cryogenic treatment induces the following alterations in the microstructures: (i) a considerable reduction in the retained austenite amount, (ii) formation of refined martensite coupled with an increased number of lattice defects, such as dislocations and twins, (iii) changes in the precipitation kinetics of nano-sized transient carbides during tempering, and (iv) an increase in the number of small globular carbides. These microstructural alterations are reflected in mechanical property improvements and better dimensional stability. A common consequence of cryogenic treatment is a significant increase in the wear resistance of steels. The current review deals with all of the mentioned microstructural changes as well as the variations in strength, toughness, wear performance, and corrosion resistance for a variety of iron alloys, such as carburising steels, hot work tool steels, bearing and eutectoid steels, and high-carbon and high-alloyed ledeburitic cold work tool steels.

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Section: Scope Of the Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryogenic Treatment of Martensitic Steels: Microstructural Fundamentals and Implications for Mechanical Properties and Wear and Corrosion Performance

Jurči,

Dlouhý

2024

Materials

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“…This alloy's special qualities have made it valuable across various sectors. Die, trimming, coining, punching, shear blades, fuller, Phillips head forming dies, thermosetting resin forming dies, cold forming dies, fine blanking, stripper plates, brick molds, chisels, pneumatic tools, deep drawing and forming dies, cold drawing punches, hobbing, blanking, lamination and stamping dies, shear blades, burnishing rolls, master tools and gauges, slitting cutters, thread rolling & wire is just a few of the many uses for AISI D2 2 – 4 . It was observed that the dielectric oil waste generated at the end of the EDM operation was very toxic and could not be reused, making the EDM process unsustainable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface roughness prediction of AISI D2 tool steel during powder mixed EDM using supervised machine learning

Kaigude,

Khedkar,

Jatti

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Surface integrity is one of the key elements used to judge the quality of machined surfaces, and surface roughness is one such quality parameter that determines the pass level of the machined product. In the present study, AISI D2 steel was machined with electric discharge at different process parameters using Jatropha and EDM oil. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanopowder was added to the dielectric to improve surface integrity. Experiments were performed using the one variable at a time (OVAT) approach for EDM oil and Jatropha oil as dielectric media. From the experimental results, it was observed that response trends of surface roughness (SR) using Jatropha oil are similar to those of commercially available EDM oil, which proves that Jatropha oil is a technically and operationally feasible dielectric and can be efficiently replaced as dielectric fluid in the EDM process. The lowest value of S.R. (i.e., 4.5 microns) for EDM and Jatropha oil was achieved at current = 9 A, Ton = 30 μs, Toff = 12 μs, and Gap voltage = 50 V. As the values of current and pulse on time increase, the S.R. also increases. Current and pulse-on-time were the most significant parameters affecting S.R. Machine learning methods like linear regression, decision trees, and random forests were used to predict the surface roughness. Random forest modeling is highly accurate, with an R2 value of 0.89 and an MSE of 1.36% among all methods. Random forest models have better predictive capabilities and may be one of the best options for modeling complex EDM processes.

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“…M2 is a specific grade of HSS, prized for its exceptional wear resistance and high hardness retention at elevated temperatures. It is extensively utilized in cutting tools, drills, taps, and various high-speed machining applications [42][43][44][45][46][47]. Quantifying carbides in M2 tool steel processed via BJ is paramount, given its profound implications for material performance, quality assurance, and process optimization within the AM realm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Quality Control: Image-Based Quantification of Carbides and Defect Remediation in Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing

Choudhari,

Elder,

Mugale

et al. 2024

Materials

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While binder jetting (BJ) additive manufacturing (AM) holds considerable promise for industrial applications, defects often compromise part quality. This study addresses these challenges by investigating binding mechanisms and analyzing common defects, proposing tailored solutions to mitigate them. Emphasizing defect identification for effective quality control in BJ-AM, this research offers strategies for in-process rectification and post-process evaluation to elevate part quality. It shows how to successfully process metallic parts with complex geometries while maintaining consistent material properties. Furthermore, the paper explores the microstructure of AISI M2 tool steel, utilizing advanced image processing techniques like digital image analysis and SEM images to evaluate carbide distribution. The results show that M2 tool steel has a high proportion of M6C carbides, with furnace-cooled samples ranging from ~2.4% to 7.1% and MC carbides from ~0.4% to 9.4%. M6C carbides ranged from ~2.6% to 3.8% in air-cooled samples, while water-cooled samples peaked at ~8.52%. Sintering conditions also affected shrinkage, with furnace-cooled samples showing the lowest rates (1.7 ± 0.4% to 5 ± 0.4%) and water-cooled samples showing the highest (2 ± 0.4% to 14.1 ± 0.4%). The study recommends real-time defect detection systems with autonomous corrective capabilities to improve the quality and performance of BJ-AM components.

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A comprehensive review on cold work of AISI D2 tool steel

Cited by 26 publications

References 68 publications

Cryogenic Treatment of Martensitic Steels: Microstructural Fundamentals and Implications for Mechanical Properties and Wear and Corrosion Performance

Cryogenic Treatment of Martensitic Steels: Microstructural Fundamentals and Implications for Mechanical Properties and Wear and Corrosion Performance

Surface roughness prediction of AISI D2 tool steel during powder mixed EDM using supervised machine learning

Enhancing Quality Control: Image-Based Quantification of Carbides and Defect Remediation in Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing

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