A Comprehensive Review of the Effects of Different Simulated Environmental Conditions and Hybridization Processes on the Mechanical Behavior of Different FRP Bars

Abstract

When it comes to sustainability, steel rebar corrosion has always been a big issue, especially when they are exposed to harsh environmental conditions, such as marine and coastal environments. Moreover, the steel industry is to blame for being one of the largest producers of carbon in the world. To supplant this material, utilizing fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) and hybrid FRP bars as a reinforcement in concrete elements is proposed because of their appropriate mechanical behavior, such as their durability, high tensile strength, high-temperature resistance, and lightweight-to-strength ratio. This method not only improves the long performance of reinforced concrete (RC) elements but also plays an important role in achieving sustainability, thus reducing the maintenance costs of concrete structures. On the other hand, FRP bars do not show ductility under tensile force. This negative aspect of FRP bars causes a sudden failure in RC structures, acting as a stumbling block to the widespread use of these bars in RC elements. This research, at first, discusses the effects of different environmental solutions, such as alkaline, seawater, acid, salt, and tap water on the tensile and bonding behavior of different fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars, ranging from glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars, and basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars, to carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars, and aramid fiber-reinforced polymer (AFRP) bars. Furthermore, the influence of the hybridization process on the ductility, tensile, and elastic modulus of FRP bars is explored. The study showed that the hybridization process improves the tensile strength of FRP bars by up to 224% and decreases their elastic modulus by up to 73%. Finally, future directions on FRP and hybrid FRP bars are recommended.

Natural Fibers Composites: Origin, Importance, Consumption Pattern, and Challenges

“…Uses of the basalt-reinforced polymer matrix include the strengthening of concrete structures [128]. A comprehensive review of the effects of different simulated environmental conditions and hybridization processes on the mechanical behavior of different FRP bars was given by Mirdarsoltany et al [129].…”

Experimental Study on Tensile Performance of FRP Tendons/Cables with Varied Bond Anchorage Factors

“…To connect to other structure members, anchorages are used for FRP tendons/cables. A large number of tests on anchorage systems of FRP tendons have been conducted [ 1 , 3 , 6 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. The commonly used anchoring methods for FRP tendons mainly include bonded anchoring, mechanical anchoring, and composite anchoring [ 6 ].…”

Feasibility of using Waste Brine/Seawater and Sea Sand for the Production of Concrete: An Experimental Investigation from Mechanical Properties and Durability Perspectives

“…However, some researchers pointed out the safety problems associated with the use of seawater in reinforced concrete (RC) structures, since the existence of chlorides in seawater can lead to the corrosion of steel rebars, further reducing the bearing capacity of RC structures [24,25]. Recently, a few researchers have been studying the mechanical performance of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)-reinforced SSC [26][27][28] due to the anti-corrosion of FRP which can be an alternative to steel reinforcement [29]. Based on life cycle cost analysis (LCCA), Younis et al [30] found that the total cost of FRP-reinforced seawater concrete can be reduced by 50% compared to steel-reinforced ordinary concrete based on a 100-year study period.…”