A comprehensive review of the feasibility of pressure retarded osmosis: Recent technological advances and industrial efforts towards commercialization

Lee, Chulmin; Chae, Sung Ho; Yang, Eunmok; Kim, Su-Hun; Kim, Joon Ha; Kim, In Soo

doi:10.1016/j.desal.2020.114501

Cited by 46 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…Therefore, membranes specifically for PRO systems have been developed. Hollow fiber membranes with high water permeability are currently available in the market [ 6 ]. The development of flat sheet membranes for PRO systems has been slow at the commercial level.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kyowakiden Industry Co., Ltd., et al contributed to the popularization of PRO, which was first proposed by Professor Sidney Loeb in 1976 [ 5 ]. PRO is a form of hydroelectric power generation technology; by utilizing the concentration difference, it converts the entropy change into electricity when high- and low-salinity water are mixed [ 6 ]. Water with high osmotic pressure includes some factory effluents, salt-lake water, seawater, and concentrated seawater discharged from seawater desalination plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Commercial Pressure Retarded Osmosis Systems for Seawater Desalination Plants

et al. 2021

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The development of renewable energy technologies is of global importance. To realize a sustainable society, fossil-resource-independent technologies, such as solar- and wind-power generation, should be widely adopted. Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) is one such potential renewable energy technology. PRO requires salt water and fresh water, both of which can be found at seawater desalination plants. The total power generation capacity of PRO, using concentrated seawater and fresh water, is 3 GW. A large amount of energy is required for seawater desalination; therefore, the introduction of renewable energy should be prioritized. Kyowakiden Industry Co., Ltd., has been working on introducing PRO to seawater desalination plants since 2001 and is attracting attention for its ongoing PRO pilot plant with a scale of 460 m3/d, using concentrated seawater and treated sewage water. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of introducing PRO in existing desalination plants. The feasibility was examined based on technology, operation, and economy. Based on the number of seawater desalination plants in each country and the electricity charges, it was determined whether the introduction of PRO would be viable.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commercial Pressure Retarded Osmosis Systems for Seawater Desalination Plants

et al. 2021

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“…Desalination processes, such as forward osmosis (FO) and reverse osmosis (RO), have contributed to relieving global water stress [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Moreover, renewable energy-generating processes that use basic mechanisms of desalination, such as pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO), are being vigorously researched to help cope with energy shortages in the era of climate change [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical Analysis of a Mathematical Relation between Driving Pressures in Membrane-Based Desalting Processes

Chae

Kim

2021

Membranes

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Osmotic and hydraulic pressures are both indispensable for operating membrane-based desalting processes, such as forward osmosis (FO), pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO), and reverse osmosis (RO). However, a clear relation between these driving pressures has not thus far been identified; hence, the effect of change in driving pressures on systems has not yet been sufficiently analyzed. In this context, this study formulates an actual mathematical relation between the driving pressures of membrane-based desalting processes by taking into consideration the presence of energy loss in each driving pressure. To do so, this study defines the pseudo-driving pressures representing the water transport direction of a system and the similarity coefficients that quantify the energy conservation rule. Consequently, this study finds three other theoretical constraints that are required to operate membrane-based desalting processes. Furthermore, along with the features of the similarity coefficients, this study diagnoses the commercial advantage of RO over FO/PRO and suggests desirable optimization sequences applicable to each process. Since this study provides researchers with guidelines regarding optimization sequences between membrane parameters and operational parameters for membrane-based desalting processes, it is expected that detailed optimization strategies for the processes could be established.

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“…The recovered hydraulic power is then transformed into electric power by a turbine-electric generator system [2,5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The technical viability of the PRO mechanism to produce electric power from a salinity gradient was first proposed by Sydney Loeb in 1976 [6]. The theoretical worldwide potential of PRO has been estimated to be around 1650 TWh/y [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pressure Retarded Osmosis Power Units Modelling for Power Flow Analysis of Electric Distribution Networks

et al. 2021

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Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) power units, which produce electrical energy from salinity gradient sources located at coastlines, are a technology still in the process of maturation; however, there is an expectation that this technology will need to be integrated into electrical distribution networks. Such integration will drive changes in the electric response of the distribution systems which may lead to harmful operating conditions. Power flow analysis is a tool used to reveal the steady-state operating condition of distribution systems and which could be extended to study and address the integration of PRO power units. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, such extension of power flow analysis has not yet been addressed in the literature. Accordingly, this paper comprehensively provides a model to evaluate the electric current and complex power produced by PRO power units. This model is directly embedded in the forward-backward sweep (FBS) method, extending the power flow analysis of electric distribution systems in this way so as to consider the integration of PRO power units. The resulting approach permits revealing of the steady-state operating response of distribution systems and the effects that may be driven by the integration of PRO power units, as corroborated through numerical results on a 14-node test distribution system.

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A comprehensive review of the feasibility of pressure retarded osmosis: Recent technological advances and industrial efforts towards commercialization

Cited by 46 publications

References 96 publications

Commercial Pressure Retarded Osmosis Systems for Seawater Desalination Plants

Commercial Pressure Retarded Osmosis Systems for Seawater Desalination Plants

Theoretical Analysis of a Mathematical Relation between Driving Pressures in Membrane-Based Desalting Processes

Pressure Retarded Osmosis Power Units Modelling for Power Flow Analysis of Electric Distribution Networks

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