A comprehensive review of techniques for biofunctionalization of titanium

Abstract

A number of surface modification techniques using immobilization of biofunctional molecules of Titanium (Ti) for dental implants as well as surface properties of Ti and Ti alloys have been developed. The method using passive surface oxide film on titanium takes advantage of the fact that the surface film on Ti consists mainly of amorphous or low-crystalline and non-stoichiometric TiO2. In another method, the reconstruction of passive films, calcium phosphate naturally forms on Ti and its alloys, which is characteristic of Ti. A third method uses the surface active hydroxyl group. The oxide surface immediately reacts with water molecules and hydroxyl groups are formed. The hydroxyl groups dissociate in aqueous solutions and show acidic and basic properties. Several additional methods are also possible, including surface modification techniques, immobilization of poly(ethylene glycol), and immobilization of biomolecules such as bone morphogenetic protein, peptide, collagen, hydrogel, and gelatin.

Wear and Corrosion Interactions on Titanium in Oral Environment: Literature Review

“…Micro-or nano-porous surfaces can also be produced by potentiostatic or galvanostatic anodization of titanium in acidic substances (H 2 SO 4 , HNO 3 , H 3 PO 4 , and HF) at high current density or potential application, resulting in a thick and porous titanium oxide layer (*1 lm) depending on the parameters. Also, anodizing in an electrolyte-containing phosphate and calcium-based solutions can promote the formation of thick and porous layer composed of calcium and phosphates [18].…”

“…1). The clinical longterm success of dental implants is related to their osseointegration [18,19]. Different methods are used to modify the titanium surfaces accelerating the osseointegration of dental implant fixture surfaces, such as gritblasting, acid-etching, anodization, or calcium phosphate coatings [18].…”

“…Titanium is known as a material with a very high corrosion resistance in physiological solutions, and has an excellent biocompatibility due to the formation of a protective titanium oxide film, like TiO 2 , when in contact with the surrounding environment [10,18,100,101]. Also, properties such as low density (4.5 g/cm 3 ) combined with low thermal-electrical conductivity and high mechanical strength are often referred in literature and thus uphold titanium alloys as a material remarkably required in medicine and dentistry.…”

Lysophosphatidic acid-functionalised titanium as a superior surface for supporting human osteoblast (MG63) maturation

“…Closely associated with identifying suitable bioactives, are identifying appropriate strategies for attachment of selected molecules to the implant material, whilst, importantly, retaining their biological activity. Although non-covalent steps have been taken to bolster the performance of titanium (Beutner et al, 2010;Hanawa, 2011), it is our opinion that the suitability of such measures to enhance biomaterial functionality in high-performance environments, such as total joint arthroplasty, is unlikely to succeed. Our reasoning is largely pragmatic; selected molecules are more likely to remain tethered to the biomaterial surface and withstand the rigors of implantation if bonded covalently.…”

Calcification of MC3T3-E1 cells on titanium and zirconium

“…because of their excellent mechanical property. In particular, titanium and their alloys show excellent corrosion resistance and hard tissue compatibility 1,2) . Zirconium (Zr) shows not only high corrosion resistance, but also low magnetic susceptibility 3) and cytotoxicity 4) .…”