The decarbonization of hard-to-abate industries is crucial for keeping global warming to below 2 o C. Green or renewable hydrogen, synthesized through water electrolysis, has emerged as a sustainable alternative for fossil fuels in energy-intensive sectors such as aluminum, cement, chemicals, steel, and transportation. However, the scalability of green hydrogen production faces challenges including infrastructure gaps, energy losses, excessive power consumption, and high costs throughout the value chain. Therefore, this study analyzes the challenges within the green hydrogen value chain, focusing on the development of nascent technologies. Presenting a comprehensive synthesis of contemporary knowledge, this study assesses the potential impacts of green hydrogen on hard-to-abate sectors, emphasizing the expansion of clean energy infrastructure. Through an exploration of emerging renewable hydrogen technologies, the study investigates aspects such as economic feasibility, sustainability assessments, and the achievement of carbon neutrality. Additionally, considerations extend to the potential for large-scale renewable electricity storage and the realization of net-zero goals. The findings of this study suggest that emerging technologies have the potential to significantly increase green hydrogen production, offering affordable solutions for decarbonization. The study affirms that global-scale green hydrogen production could satisfy up to 24% of global energy needs by 2050, resulting in the abatement of 60 gigatons of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions -equivalent to 6% of total cumulative CO 2 emission reductions. To comprehensively evaluate the impact of the hydrogen economy on ecosystem decarbonization, this article analyzes the feasibility of three business models that emphasize choices for green hydrogen production and delivery. Finally, the study proposes potential directions for future research on hydrogen valleys, aiming to foster interconnected hydrogen ecosystems.
INDEX TERMSGreen or Renewable hydrogen, Renewable electricity storage, Decarbonization, Hard-toabate industries, Carbon neutrality I. INTRODUCTION A. BACKGROUND Green hydrogen has emerged as a promising solution in the global effort to achieve climate neutrality and meet the ambi-tious target of limiting global warming to 1.5°C, particularly in the industrial, shipping, and aviation sectors [1]. Produced through water electrolysis using renewable electricity, green hydrogen has the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse