A comprehensive review of reactive flame-retardant epoxy resin: fundamentals, recent developments, and perspectives

Zhi, Maoyong; Yang, Xiong; Fan, Rong; Yue, Shan; Zheng, Ling‐Ling; Liu, Quanyi; He, Yuanhua

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109976

Cited by 126 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 151 publications

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“…Hence, it is critical to modify epoxy resin to improve flame retardancy without sacrificing its other properties that are required for its specific applications. With an increased emphasis on environmental protection, flame retardants for epoxy resin tend to be nontoxic, efficient, systematic, and multifunctional [ 67 , 200 , 201 ]. Basically, the addition of flame retardants to epoxy resin has numerous advantages, including simple processing [ 202 ], low cost [ 67 ], a diverse source of raw materials [ 203 ], and an obvious flame retardant effect [ 67 ].…”

Section: Flame Retardant Coating Formulations and Designs: The Implem...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardant Coatings: Additives, Binders, and Fillers

et al. 2022

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This review provides an intensive overview of flame retardant coating systems. The occurrence of flame due to thermal degradation of the polymer substrate as a result of overheating is one of the major concerns. Hence, coating is the best solution to this problem as it prevents the substrate from igniting the flame. In this review, the descriptions of several classifications of coating and their relation to thermal degradation and flammability were discussed. The details of flame retardants and flame retardant coatings in terms of principles, types, mechanisms, and properties were explained as well. This overview imparted the importance of intumescent flame retardant coatings in preventing the spread of flame via the formation of a multicellular charred layer. Thus, the intended intumescence can reduce the risk of flame from inherently flammable materials used to maintain a high standard of living.

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Section: Flame Retardant Coating Formulations and Designs: The Implem...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardant Coatings: Additives, Binders, and Fillers

et al. 2022

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“…Additive FRs are added into polymers by simple mixing methods, but the mechanical properties of the polymers are usually deteriorated due to the poor interfacial adhesion between the FRs and matrices. 20 Reactive FRs are functional group-containing compounds that could be bonded into polymer networks and provide materials with intrinsic flame retardance, avoiding interfacial problems and maintaining the satisfactory performance of materials. 21 Halogen-based FRs are typically and widely used in epoxy materials because of their high oxygen index and excellent flame-retarding effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EVO is one of the highly flammable epoxies due to its abundant alkyl chains and the limiting oxygen index (LOI < 22%). , Concerning the flammability of VO polymers, two types of conventional flame retardants (FRs) are usually introduced to endow materials with flame resistance. Additive FRs are added into polymers by simple mixing methods, but the mechanical properties of the polymers are usually deteriorated due to the poor interfacial adhesion between the FRs and matrices . Reactive FRs are functional group-containing compounds that could be bonded into polymer networks and provide materials with intrinsic flame retardance, avoiding interfacial problems and maintaining the satisfactory performance of materials .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame-Retardant and Recyclable Soybean Oil-Based Thermosets Enabled by the Dynamic Phosphate Ester and Tannic Acid

Chen

Zeng

Chen

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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The demands of safety and sustainability have driven the development of intrinsic flame-retardant biobased polymers from renewable materials. Herein, a mechanically robust, good flame-retardant, and recyclable thermoset was developed from renewable epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) by using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphate (HEMAP) as the reactive flame retardant and tannic acid (TA) as the charring agent. The flame resistance of the obtained ESO-based thermoset achieved the highest UL-94 of V-0 rating and a limited oxygen index value of 26.7% due to the synergistic flame-retardant effect of phosphate and TA. The flame-retardant mechanisms of the gaseous phase and condensed phase were fully investigated by thermogravimetric infrared, scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectra. It is confirmed that the incorporation of phosphate and TA could effectively promote the formation of dense carbon layers and delay the pyrolysis of long aliphatic chains. The ternary crosslinking of ESO, HEMAP, and TA via free-radical polymerization and epoxy-ring opening reaction resulted in a rigid network with a high crosslink density, bestowing the thermoset with superior tensile strength (20.0 MPa), flexural strength (36.3 MPa), and bonding strength (16.7 MPa on steel). Moreover, the ESO-based thermoset exhibited a fast stress relaxation behavior due to the transesterification of dynamic β-hydroxyl phosphate esters, which enables the network with thermal-healing ability and recyclability. This study explores a feasible method to prepare an intrinsic flame-retardant polymer from commercially available and renewable vegetable oils and natural polyphenols.

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“…To reduce the fire risks, several strategies were explored and developed, such as addition of flame‐retardant fillers to flammable materials 30–36 and adoption of fire alarm sensors for early warning of potential fire hazards 37–41 . For epoxy resins, addition of flame‐retardant additives is a straightforward method to achieve efficient flame retardancy 42 . Although outstanding flame‐retardant effects were achieved, the poor compatibility between these flame retardants and matrix severely deteriorated the mechanical properties of resulting epoxy resins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[37][38][39][40][41] For epoxy resins, addition of flameretardant additives is a straightforward method to achieve efficient flame retardancy. 42 Although outstanding flame-retardant effects were achieved, the poor compatibility between these flame retardants and matrix severely deteriorated the mechanical properties of resulting epoxy resins. Therefore, developing bio-based epoxy resins with intrinsic flame retardancy is desirable and has attracted increasing attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facile synthesis of intrinsically flame‐retardant epoxy thermosets with high mechanical properties from lignin derivatives

Chen

Zhang

He³

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Preparing bio-based epoxy resins with high performance is crucial to sustainable development. However, seeking renewable and flame-retardant epoxy resins with high mechanical properties are still challenging. Here, we reported a facile way to transform lignin derivatives to intrinsic flame-retardant epoxy resins with satisfactory mechanical properties. Two guaiacol-based novolac epoxy resins (i.e., GTEP/DDM and GPEP/DDM) were prepared as alternatives for petroleum-based DGEBA/DDM. The cured GTEP/DDM product showed a high T g of 209.5 C, a high tensile modulus of 3.13 GPa, and a high LOI of 28.6% with UL-94 V-1 rating, which outperformed DGEBA/DDM system. Specially, GPEP/DDM resin possessed more superior mechanical properties (e.g., tensile strength of 73.9 MPa, and tensile modulus of 5.85 GPa) owing to additional interactions (i.e., π-π interactions and hydrogen bonds), and outstanding anti-flammability (e.g., LOI of 31.2% with UL-94 V-0 rating) due to the endow of phosphorus-containing groups. The mechanical reinforcement and flame-retardant mechanisms were clarified based on structural evolution and performance variation. This work provides an efficient synthesis route to

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A comprehensive review of reactive flame-retardant epoxy resin: fundamentals, recent developments, and perspectives

Cited by 126 publications

References 151 publications

Flame Retardant Coatings: Additives, Binders, and Fillers

Flame Retardant Coatings: Additives, Binders, and Fillers

Flame-Retardant and Recyclable Soybean Oil-Based Thermosets Enabled by the Dynamic Phosphate Ester and Tannic Acid

Facile synthesis of intrinsically flame‐retardant epoxy thermosets with high mechanical properties from lignin derivatives

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