A Comprehensive Review of Pharmaceutical and Surgical Interventions of Prostate Cancer

Abstract

As the second most common cause of death amongst men in the United States, prostate cancer is a type of cancer that is known to develop and originate in the prostate gland. The main function of the prostate gland is to produce seminal fluid in which the sperm bathes. The seminal fluids are necessary for allowing the sperm to move easily through the urethra and also allows successful fertilization by providing an alkaline environment for the sperm in the acidic nature of the vagina. The seminal vesicles are two smaller glands that are attached to either side of the prostate gland and in radical prostatectomies, can get removed. In the event that the seminal vesicles are removed during a radical prostatectomy, the individual is unable to produce any seminal fluids and thus, becoming infertile. Prostate cancer is most commonly seen in patients over the age of 66 years, however, in the presence of predisposing risk factors, may occur as early as in the late 40s. Certain risk factors may speed the presentation of prostate cancer in individuals and thus, mandatory screening is recommended around the age of 45. If no risk factors are present, screening is recommended to begin after the age of 50 years. Screening for prostate cancer is focused on looking for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in a blood test, though this may not be the most reliable method. The method of diagnosis stems from further testing done following an abnormal PSA test. A digital rectal examination and ultrasonography may also be used to assist with the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Though there are several different types of pharmaceutical interventions currently present in the eradication of prostate cancer, with androgen deprivation therapy being the most commonly used, surgical interventions may be utilized to completely resect cancer from an individual. Different radical prostatectomies are used; the appropriate approach utilized is dependent on the extensiveness of cancer and the type of cancer that is present.

Genetics of Prostate Carcinoma

“…There are indications that androgen inhibition enhances cell sensitivity to PARP-inhibitors, and several clinical trials based on their combination are currently underway (33). Since the adverse effect of ADT is a decrease in bone mineral density, a combination of ADT and bisphosphonates is recommended but only in documented osteoporosis or androgen-independent prostate cancer with bone metastasis (34). Despite advances in CRPC treatments, it remains lethal.…”

Formulation and in vitro evaluation of bilayer tablets of bicalutamide and koenimbine

“…The number of deaths per year increased from 150,000 to 250,000 during the years 1990 and 2010. In 2018, it was reported that there were 1,276,106 new cases, with a total of 358,989 fatalities (Kaler et al, 2020). The manner in which the illness is transmitted differs from nation to nation.…”

Identification of Critical Molecular Factors and Side Effects Underlying the Response to Thalicthuberine in Prostate Cancer: A Systems Biology Approach

“…Given the aging population of the world, this could be an alarm. In addition, environmental factors associated with PC include radiation exposure, a high intake of saturated fat, dietary deficiency of selenium, vitamin E, and D. The overexpression of mutant Tp53 (Tumor protein) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (bcl-2), as well as reinforcement of the androgen receptor, play key roles in the development of the refractory hormone phenotype 6 , 7 . Also, Mutated Mutated in Multiple Advanced Cancers 1/P10 (MMAC1/p10) tumor suppressor genes may play a role in the metastatic phenotype of PC.…”

“…The feature of cancer cells is that they divide uncontrollably at a high proliferation rate. Mitosis plays a fundamental role in cancer progression and is one of the most effective targets of cancer chemotherapy 6 . Volasertib and Alisertib (MNL8237), inhibitors of vital regulators of mitosis, have shown hopeful clinical efficacy in a variety of malignancies, including PC and acute myeloid leukemia.…”