A Comprehensive Review of Low Impact Development Models for Research, Conceptual, Preliminary and Detailed Design Applications

Abstract

This review compares and evaluates eleven Low Impact Development (LID) models on the basis of: (i) general model features including the model application, the temporal resolution, the spatial data visualization, the method of placing LID within catchments; (ii) hydrological modelling aspects including: the type of inbuilt LIDs, water balance model, runoff generation and infiltration; and (iii) hydraulic modelling methods with a focus on the flow routing method. Results show that despite the recent updates of existing LID models, several important features are still missing and need improvement. These features include the ability to model: multi-layer subsurface media, tree canopy and processes associated with vegetation, different spatial scales, snowmelt and runoff calculations. This review provides in-depth insight into existing LID models from a hydrological and hydraulic point of view, which will facilitate in selecting the best-suited model. Recommendations on further studies and LID model development are also presented.

SWMM Sensitivity to LID Siting and Routing Parameters: Implications for Stormwater Regulatory Compliance

“…LID Placement. LID can be modeled two different ways within SWMM: (1) LID as its own subcatchment, which allows series routing of LID; or (2) by placing LID within a parent subcatchment, which allows parallel routing of LID (Rossman 2015; Kaykhosravi et al 2018). This study investigated the second option, which means that the model parameter impacted by LID placement is the subcatchment percent imperviousness.…”

“…However, Gao et al (2018) do not discuss subsequent routing of BR outflow in the model. LID Placement. Kaykhosravi et al (2018) reviewed eleven LID models and note the advantages and disadvantages of modeling LID as either new subcatchments or by placing LID within a parent subcatchment, but do not comment on the impacts of placement location or model adjustments that must be made with LID placement. Fry and Maxwell (2017) studied the effects of converting pervious areas to LID and concluded LID placement is more important for runoff reduction than storage capacity/sizing, indicating LID placement is an important consideration in LID modeling.…”

Innovations in Best Practices: Approaches to Managing Urban Areas and Reducing Flood Risk in Reggio Calabria (Italy)

“…Within this context, the improvement of flood models for simulations of LID methodologies is a current challenge. Kaykhosravi et al [46] analyzed the application of 11 flood models in the simulation of LID techniques and showed that none of the selected models constitute a fully integrated environment in which to simulate all LID applications. Different models have different advantages and limitations.…”

The Value of Urban Flood Modeling

“…In combination with flood vulnerability assessment models (Hammond et al., 2015), results from UFMs can be used to evaluate the costs and benefits of flood resilience strategies (Lerer et al., 2017). However, use of UFMs to support resilience planning is heavily dependent on the capability of the model to represent both current conditions and the function of various management strategies, such as land use planning or the construction of gray and green infrastructure, under realistic operating conditions (Hemmati et al., 2020; Kaykhosravi, et al., 2018; Niazi et al., 2017). As cities plan multibillion dollar flood resilience initiatives (Aerts, Botzen, Moel, & Bowman, 2013; City of Copenhagen, 2012; NYCDEP/Ramboll, 2017), development and use of robust UFMs present a great value to support the optimized design of these infrastructure and their operation.…”