A Comprehensive Review of H₂S Scavenger Technologies from Oil and Gas Streams

Abstract

Sour crudes containing > 0.5 % sulfur are of low quality and cause harm to equipment, the environment, and to humans. Therefore, sustainable measures for crude oil sweetening are of significant importance. Removal of H2S directly at the wellhead before the transport increases the value of crude oil and may be necessary to adhere to legal transport laws. Chemical agents known as scavengers are used to scrub H2S from crude oils. Scavengers are either of the regenerative or non‐regenerative type and are used depending on the pH or water content of the crude stream. The literature has been surveyed to reveal those absorbents that allow the most effective scavenging of H2S at wellhead applications. The chemical processing, including recovery of scavenger or end use of products, is discussed for decision‐making at the confluence of chemistry and chemical engineering for H2S removal. This work investigates how and why some scavengers perform better for some crudes and environmental conditions than others with the intent to develop designer scavengers and processing conditions for the crude oil industry.

Hydrogen sulfide gas capture by organic superbase 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene through salt formation: salt synthesis, characterization and application for CO2capture

“…have also been successfully applied for H 2 S absorption. 2,5 The purication of natural gas or natural gas sweetening is a very well attended industrial process. One of the limitations of this process is that it is difficult to separate H 2 S from carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as natural gas comprised with high concentration of CO 2 in the composition compared to H 2 S i.e.…”

“…Thanks to different active sites present on H 2 S and CO 2 molecules where CO 2 molecule is inactive towards tertiary amine in the absence of water while H 2 S gas can instantaneously react with tertiary amines through proton transfer process (eqn (1)). 7 As shown in eqn (2), aqueous solution of tertiary amines hydrates CO 2 molecule and form bicarbonates via a base catalyzed mechanism. In a real case study, H 2 O molecule gets activated by the amine through strong hydrogen bonding which further reacts with CO 2 and form bicarbonates.…”

Data‐Driven Identification of Hydrogen Sulfide Scavengers

“…[7] It should be noted H 2 Sscavengers are well-known in industrial settings as the removal of H 2 Si ni ndustrial processes has been extensively studied. [8] Materials like metallic oxide,a lkanolamines,a nd metal carboxylates/chelates have been used as H 2 Ss cavengers and obviously these cannot be applied into biological systems for our purposes.M oreover,s everal compounds are used clinically as antidotes for H 2 Sp oisoning [9] but their specificity and applications for H 2 S-related pathologies have not been studies.F or example,h ydroxocobalamin (HC) has been investigated as an antidote for H 2 S poisoning,but it also scavenges cyanide,NO, CO,and ROS, [9] indicating its non-specificity.…”

Emerging pharmacological tools to control hydrogen sulfide signaling in critical illness

“…To the best of our knowledge, specific H 2 S scavengers to control endogenous H 2 S levels have not been explored or reported. It should be noted that H 2 S scavengers are well-known in industrial settings as the removal of H 2 S or related sulfur-containing compounds in industrial processes has been extensively studied [91]. Materials like metallic oxide, alkanolamines, oxidizing chemicals, metal carboxylates/chelates, aldehydes, and triazines have been used as H 2 S scavengers.…”