A comprehensive review of ethnopharmacology, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and quality control of gardeniae fructus

Wang, Lirong; Chen, Shujing; Liu, Suyi; Biu, Abdulmumin Muhammad; Han, Yuli; Jin, Xingyue; Liang, Chunxiao; Liu, Yang; Li, Jin; Fang, Shiming; Chang, Yanxu

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2023.117397

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 110 publications

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“…Iridoids and pigments constitute the key chemical components of Zhizi , exhibiting the highest content and significant biological activity ( Chen et al., 2020b ; Wang et al., 2024 ). In addition, the main components of the two categories exhibited lower distribution in its pericarp, which aligns with the traditional wisdom that emphasizes the superiority of Zhizi with a lighter pericarp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive quality evaluation of different types of Gardeniae Fructus (Zhizi) and Shuizhizi based on LC-MS/MS

Qian,

Hu,

Wang

et al. 2024

Front. Plant Sci.

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Gardeniae Fructus (Zhizi) serves as both a medicinal and edible substance and finds widespread use in various industries. There are often two kinds of medicinal materials in the market: Zhizi and Shuizhizi. Typically, Zhizi with small, round fruit is used for medicinal purposes, while Shuizhizi, characterized by large, elongated fruit, is employed for dyeing. Market surveys have revealed a diverse range of Zhizi types, and modern research indicates that Shuizhizi contains rich chemical components and pharmacological activities. In this study, we collected 25 batches of Zhizi and Shuizhizi samples, categorizing them based on appearance into obovate and round fruits, with seven length grades (A–G). Using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS) method, we simultaneously quantified 13 main chemical components in fruits of Gardenia species. In addition, we compared the weight percentage of the pericarp, flesh, and seeds parts of samples with different traits, and quantified 13 chemical components in different parts. Results indicated that, aside from a few instances of overlapping fruit size ranges, Shuizhizi generally exhibits larger and longer dimensions than Zhizi. The weight proportion of the Shuizhizi pericarp is often higher than that of the Zhizi pericarp. Quantitative results highlighted significant differences in the chemical component content between Zhizi and Shuizhizi, with Shuizhizi generally containing higher levels of iridoids. The PCA and OPLS-DA analysis distinctly divided Shuizhizi and Zhizi, among which three iridoids, two organic acids, and one flavonoid made significant contributions to their classification. Cluster heatmap analysis also demonstrated complete separation between Zhizi and Shuizhizi, with clear distinctions among Zhizi samples from different origins. The distribution of the 13 chemical components in different Zhizi and Shuizhizi parts remained consistent, with iridoids and pigments concentrated in the seeds and flesh, and two organic acids and one flavonoid enriched in the pericarp. In summary, this study contributes valuable insights for classifying Zhizi and offers guidance on the rational use of Shuizhizi and the different parts of Zhizi.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive quality evaluation of different types of Gardeniae Fructus (Zhizi) and Shuizhizi based on LC-MS/MS

Qian,

Hu,

Wang

et al. 2024

Front. Plant Sci.

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Pharmacokinetics of IMM‐H012 in rats using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry

Wu,

Lin

et al. 2024

Biomedical Chromatography

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The present study examined the pharmacokinetics of IMM‐H012 in rat plasma, utilizing ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS). Internal standard cilostazol was employed, and plasma samples were processed using acetonitrile precipitation. A mobile phase (acetonitrile–0.1% formic acid in water) with gradient elution was used to achieve chromatographic separation using a UPLC BEH C18 column. In multiple reaction monitoring mode, electrospray ionization MS/MS was utilized in positive ionization mode. Based on findings, the lower limit of quantification was 2 ng/mL, and the linearity of IMM‐H012 in rat plasma was found to be acceptable within the range of 2–2000 ng/mL (R2 > 0.995). The intra‐day and inter‐day precision relative standard deviation was less than 14% of IMM‐H012 in rat plasma. The matrix effect was within the range of 102%–107%, and the accuracy ranged from 92% to 113%. Pharmacokinetics of IMM‐H012 in rats after oral administration were successfully studied using UPLC‐MS/MS.

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Discrimination between raw and ginger juice processed Fructus Gardeniae based on UHPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS and Heracles NEO ultra‐fast gas phase electronic nose

Fan,

Zhang,

Wang

et al. 2024

Phytochemical Analysis

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IntroductionFructus Gardeniae (ZZ), a traditional Chinese herb, has been used in treating patients with jaundice, inflammation, etc. When mixed with ginger juice and stir‐baked, ginger juice‐processed Fructus Gardeniae (JZZ) is produced, and the chemical compositions in ZZ would be changed by adding the ginger juice.ObjectiveTo illuminate the differential components between ZZ and JZZ.MethodsHPLC, UHPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS, and Heracles NEO ultra‐fast gas phase electronic nose were applied to identify the differential components between ZZ and JZZ.ResultsHPLC fingerprints of ZZ and JZZ were established, and 24 common peaks were found. The content determination results showed that the contents of shanzhiside, geniposidic acid, genipin‐1‐β‐D‐gentiobioside and geniposide increased, while the contents of crocin I and crocin II decreased in JZZ. By UHPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS, twenty‐six possible common components were inferred, among which 11 components were different. In further investigation, eight components were identified as the possible distinctive non‐volatile compounds between ZZ and JZZ. By Heracles NEO ultra‐fast gas phase electronic nose, four substances were inferred as the possible distinctive volatile compounds in JZZ.ConclusionShanzhiside, caffeic acid, genipin‐1‐β‐D‐gentiobioside, geniposide, rutin, crocin I, crocin II, and 4‐Sinapoyl‐5‐caffeoylquinic acid were identified as the possible differential non‐volatile components between ZZ and JZZ. Aniline, 3‐methyl‐3‐sulfanylbutanol‐1‐ol, E‐3‐octen‐2‐one, and decyl propaonate were inferred as the possible distinctive volatile compounds in JZZ. This experiment explored a simple approach with objective and stable results, which would provide new ideas for studying decoction pieces with similar morphological appearance, especially those with different odors.

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A comprehensive review of ethnopharmacology, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and quality control of gardeniae fructus

Cited by 4 publications

References 110 publications

Comprehensive quality evaluation of different types of Gardeniae Fructus (Zhizi) and Shuizhizi based on LC-MS/MS

Comprehensive quality evaluation of different types of Gardeniae Fructus (Zhizi) and Shuizhizi based on LC-MS/MS

Pharmacokinetics of IMM‐H012 in rats using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry

Discrimination between raw and ginger juice processed Fructus Gardeniae based on UHPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS and Heracles NEO ultra‐fast gas phase electronic nose

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