A Comprehensive Review of Emerging Therapies for Type 2 Diabetes and Their Cardiovascular Effects

Abstract

The discovery of inhibitors for sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) has significantly improved type 2 diabetes management. Large-scale clinical studies have shown that both SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 RA enhance cardiovascular health. Benefits include reduced cardiovascular disease risk, lower mortality, fewer heart failure hospitalizations (SGLT2 inhibitors), and stroke prevention (GLP-1 RA). Additionally, these drugs slow chronic kidney disease progression. This comprehensive treatment targets vascular events. Despite differences, both drug classes are crucial. GLP-1 RA mainly reduce stroke risk, while SGLT2 inhibitors alleviate heart failure. Our findings, based on a literature review, will address the renal and cardiac effects of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 RA in both diabetics and non-diabetics, highlighting their combined benefits for heart conditions.