A Comprehensive Review of Detection Methods for SARS-CoV-2

Eftekhari, Aziz; Alipour, Mahdieh; Chodari, Leila; Dizaj, Solmaz Maleki; Ardalan, Mohammadreza; Samiei, Mohammad; Sharifi, Simin; Vahed, Sepideh Zununi; Huseynova, Irada; Khalilov, Rovshan; Ahmadian, Elham; Cucchiarini, Magali

doi:10.3390/microorganisms9020232

Cited by 81 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…In agreement with the possibility of asymptomatic infection associated with a very low viral load, this load in the mesenteric lymph nodes of our two positive animals seemed to be extremely low, to the point that it was not detectable by the one-step commercial RT-PCR test used. Thus, the positivity was observed with a two-step RT-PCR assay, which is a type of assay recognized to be more sensitive than one-step RTqPCR assays [ 36 , 37 ]. Furthermore, detection in this assay required a relatively large number of qPCR cycles, again suggesting very low viral load.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The molecular analysis was based on two-step RT-PCR [ 36 , 37 ] for the viral spike glycoprotein gene ( S ). To isolate RNA, each mesenteric lymph node, frozen in 0.2 mL of inactivating fluid, was thawed to 21 °C and manually homogenized in a small-sized glass Dounce-type homogenizer that had been treated with hypochlorite and autoclaved (121 °C, 15 min).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First Description of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Two Feral American Mink (Neovison vison) Caught in the Wild

Aguiló-Gisbert

Padilla-Blanco

Lizana

et al. 2021

Animals

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causal agent of COVID-19, is considered a pathogen of animal origin that is mainly transmitted from human to human. Several animal species can be naturally or experimentally infected by SARS-CoV-2, with compelling evidence that mink is highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Human-to-mink infection cases have been reported and there are also suggestions that mink-to-human infection occurs. Mink infections have been reported to date only on fur farms, except for one infected free- ranging wild mink near a Utah (USA) fur farm, which suggests a transmission pathway from farms to wild mink. We now report the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in 2 of 13 feral dark brown American mink (Neovison vison) trapped in the Valencian Community (Eastern Spain), during an invasive species trapping campaign. They were trapped in riverbeds in sparsely inhabited rural areas known to harbor self-sustained feral mink populations. The closest fur farm is about 20 km away. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected by two-step RT-PCR in these animals’ mesenteric lymph nodes and was confirmed by sequencing a 397-nucleotide amplified region of the S gene, yielding identical sequences in both animals. A molecular phylogenetic analysis was run on this sequence, which was found to correspond to the consensus SARS-CoV-2 sequence from Wuhan. Our findings appear to represent the first example of SARS-CoV-2 acquired in the wild by feral mink in self-sustained populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Description of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Two Feral American Mink (Neovison vison) Caught in the Wild

Aguiló-Gisbert

Padilla-Blanco

Lizana

et al. 2021

Animals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Many technologies can be used to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection, including reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), serological tests, point-of-care testing, smartphone monitoring of infectious diseases, nanotechnology-based methods, biological sensors, and metagenomic sequencing based on amplicons [ 35 ]. Saliva specimens could be considered a reliable and less resource-intensive alternative for screening asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected patients [ 36 ].…”

Section: Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

The three syndromes and six Chinese patent medicine study during the recovery phase of COVID-19

Duan

Zhang

et al. 2021

Chin Med

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), first broke out in Wuhan, China, in 2019. SARS-CoV-2 develops many types of mutations (such as B.1.1.7), making diagnosis and treatment challenging. Although we now have a preliminary understanding of COVID-19, including pathological changes, clinical manifestations, and treatment measures, we also face new difficulties. The biggest problem is that most COVID-19 patients might face sequelae (e.g., fatigue, sleep disturbance, pulmonary fibrosis) during the recovery phase. We aimed to test six Chinese patent medicines to treat three major abnormal symptoms in COVID-19 patients during the recovery phase, including cardiopulmonary function, sleep disturbance, and digestive function. We launched the “three syndromes and six Chinese patent medicines” randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial on April 10, 2020. The results showed that Jinshuibao tablets and Shengmaiyin oral liquid significantly improved the cardiopulmonary function of recovering COVID-19 patients. Shumian capsules, but not Xiaoyao capsules, significantly improved patients’ sleep disorders. This might be because the indication of Xiaoyao capsules is liver qi stagnation rather than psychological or emotional problems. Xiangsha Liujun pills and Ludangshen oral liquid significantly improved digestive function. Our research provides a guideline for treating COVID-19 sequelae in patients during the recovery period based on high-quality evidence.

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“…Direct detection of the SARS-CoV-2 can be done by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) and COVID antigen assay that is based on antigens with its specific antibodies for COVID-19 based on ELISA or CLIA. This assay could fail when antibodies against the proteins are not available or alternative affinity ligands are not present [35] , [36] . Therefore, this western blot-based methodology still has its ways to go, to become a Mass Spectrometry based solution or to be comparable to PCR methods and to newer CRISPR, Digital PCR and Lab-on-chip technologies [12] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar methods were used for biosensors tests and nanotechnology-based approaches using nanoparticles with DNA and protein based technologies with upper respiratory specimens, blood or urine to detect COVID-19 [56] . Biosensor tests include chip-based, paper-based, film-based, thread-based, graphene-based and black phosphorous based biosensors which are focusing on rapid and affordable detection that could be further coupled with smartphone analyses [35] . Further work has been done to improve the PCR analyses via rapid kit testing (Jorgensen et al, 2020) or use aerosol samples to further detect SARS-CoV-2 presence to prevent direct contact and have analyses for low viral presence [65] .…”

Section: Societal Issues and Risks Of Covid-19 On Rural / Impoverished Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges to detect SARS-CoV-2 on environmental media, the need and strategies to implement the detection methodologies in wastewaters

Sanchez-Galán

Ureña

Escovar³

et al. 2021

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering

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Understanding risks, putting in place preventative methods to seamlessly continue daily activities are essential tools to fight a pandemic. All social, commercial and leisure human activities have an impact on the environmental media. Therefore, to accurately predict the fate and behavior of viruses in the environment, it is necessary to well understand and analyze available detection methods, possible transmission pathways and preventative techniques. The aim of this review is to critically analyze and summarize the research done regarding SARS-COV-2 virus detection, focusing on sampling and laboratory detection methods in environmental media. A special attention will be given to wastewater and sewage sludge. This review has summarized the survival of the virus on surfaces to estimate the risk carried by different environmental media (water, wastewater, air and soil) in order to explain which communities are under higher risk. The critical analysis concludes that the detection of SARS-CoV-2 with current technologies and sampling strategies would reveal the presence of the virus. This information could be used to design systematic sampling points throughout the sewage systems when available, taking into account peak flows and more importantly economic factors on when to sample. Such approaches will be able to provide clues for potential future viral outbreak, saving financial resources by reducing testing necessities for viral detection, hence contributing for more appropriate confinement policies by governments and could be further used to define more precisely post-pandemic or second wave measures if/ when needed.

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A Comprehensive Review of Detection Methods for SARS-CoV-2

Cited by 81 publications

References 101 publications

First Description of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Two Feral American Mink (Neovison vison) Caught in the Wild

First Description of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Two Feral American Mink (Neovison vison) Caught in the Wild

The three syndromes and six Chinese patent medicine study during the recovery phase of COVID-19

Challenges to detect SARS-CoV-2 on environmental media, the need and strategies to implement the detection methodologies in wastewaters

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