A Comprehensive Review of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka and Identification of Existing Knowledge Gaps

Amarasinghe, Anjalie; Wickramasinghe, Susiji

doi:10.2478/s11686-020-00174-6

Cited by 14 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(128 reference statements)

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“…A study carried out to analyse epidemiological data showed that almost 90% of the leishmaniasis cases reported between 2009 and 2016 were from Anuradhapura, Hambantota, Polonnaruwa, Kurunegala, and Matara as endemic districts [4]. This research is the first preliminary study that has been carried out to determine the composition, abundance, flight range and peak active times of sand fly species in an endemic focus of leishmaniasis in Kurunegala District.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Abundance, composition, peak active-period and vertical flight range of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), the vector of leishmaniasis in Kurunegala district

Herath¹,

Bandara²,

Amarasingha³

et al. 2021

Sri Lanka J. Health Res.

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Background: Leishmaniasis is identified as a neglected tropical disease in the world and considered a notifiable disease in Sri Lanka. It has shown an upward trend in Kurunegala district since 2008. Studies on vector bionomics, although important for implementing effective vector control, are still limited in Sri Lanka. Objective: To describe the abundance, composition, peak active-period and vertical flight range of sand flies in the Kurunegala district Methods: A descriptive study was conducted in two selected disease-endemic areas in Rideegama and Ibbagamuwa Medical Officer of Health areas in Kurunegala district during February-March, 2019. sand flies were collected using different standard sampling techniques (CDC Light-traps, Sticky-traps and Cattle-Baited-Net-Traps and by hand collections). The identification of sand flies was done up to Genus level. Sticky traps were set up at different heights on walls of houses to determine the vertical flight range of sand flies. The hourly sand fly collections were used to determine the active peak times. The abundance was calculated as per trap density and hourly collections were monitored to identify peak active-period of sand flies. Results:The total number of sand flies collected during the study period was 773. The light-traps were found to be more productive than other collection methods. The numbers of sand flies belonging to geni Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia were 525 and 248 respectively. The average vertical flight range of flies was less than two feet from the ground level. A higher percentage of sand flies was collected from outdoors (n = 74%) than indoors (n = 26%). The highest active period of sand flies was between 18.00 hr and 22.00 hr of the day, although it was slightly different in Phlebotomus (from 18.00 hr to 20.00 hr) species and Sergentomyia species (from 18.00.00 hr to 22.00 hr). Conclusions and Recommendations: Sand flies belonging to the genus Phlebotomus andSergentomyia were present in the area. The peak aggregation time was at night starting at 18.00 hrs in the day for both genera. The vertical flight range of sand fly was approximately less than two feet from the ground level.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale and Brunetti (Diptera: Psychodidae) are the major vectors of VL (kala-azar) in India [3]. The predominant sand fly species in Sri Lanka is also Phlebotomus argentipes [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abundance, composition, peak active-period and vertical flight range of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), the vector of leishmaniasis in Kurunegala district

Herath¹,

Bandara²,

Amarasingha³

et al. 2021

Sri Lanka J. Health Res.

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“…Annually, the number of reported CL cases has been increasing since this time. Cases have been reported from many districts in the country mainly from Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Hambantota, Kurunegala, and Matara [2]. According to reports in 2019 alone, 3271 cases were reported across the country [7].…”

Section: Notification Of Leishmaniasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Effective surveillance systems provide essential information to take timely and appropriate actions for disease control and prevention, and to manage public health-care policies and programs [1]. Leishmaniasis was declared as a notifiable disease in Sri Lanka in 2008 and annually an increasing number of cases have been reported from many districts in the country [2]. In this paper, we present a comprehensive compilation and critique of the disease notification pathway for leishmaniasis and the current status of leishmaniasis reporting in Sri Lanka, while discussing how the routine communicable disease surveillance system has assisted in the increased case detection of leishmaniasis in the country.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Placing Leishmaniasis in the Limelight through the Communicable Disease Surveillance System: An Experience from Sri Lanka

et al. 2022

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Having an effective surveillance system is imperative to take timely and appropriate actions for disease control and prevention. In Sri Lanka, leishmaniasis was declared as a notifiable disease in 2008. This paper presents a comprehensive compilation of the up-to-date documents on the communicable disease and leishmaniasis surveillance in Sri Lanka in order to describe the importance of the existing leishmaniasis surveillance system and to identify gaps that need to be addressed. The documents perused included circulars, reports, manuals, guidelines, ordinances, presentations, and published articles. The disease trends reported were linked to important landmarks in leishmaniasis surveillance. The findings suggest that there is a well-established surveillance system in Sri Lanka having a massive impact on increased case detection, resulting in im-proved attention on leishmaniasis. However, the system is not without its short comings and there is room for further improvements.

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“…A more recent survey among 668 dogs in 18 out of 25 districts in Sri Lanka revealed a Leishmania amastigote prevalence of only 0.9% (2/668) in blood [ 9 ]. These findings suggest the possibility of dogs acting as reservoir hosts [ 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Highly Sensitive Nested PCR and Its Application for the Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka

Kato

2022

Microorganisms

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The recent surge in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Sri Lanka has rendered clinical diagnosis difficult; thus, laboratory confirmation is indispensable. A modified (two novel inner primers to detect CL caused by Leishmania donovani) nested Internal Transcribed Spacer-1 (ITS1) PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) method was developed and tested. The sensitivity of the modified nested PCR was tested using serial dilutions (103 to 10−2) of the DNA extract of a cultured L. donovani DD8 strain. Patients (n = 194) from Southern Sri Lanka were examined clinically, microscopically (Slit Skin Smear-SSS) and using the modified nested PCR. The modified nested PCR detected 2.55 fg of parasite DNA compared to ITS1 PCR (25 fg) and detected more cases than SSS (94.3% vs. 77.3%; p < 0.01). The RFLP pattern was L. donovani in all cases. The modified nested PCR performed well in clinically doubtful lesions (95% by PCR vs. 60% by SSS; p < 0.01), ulcerated nodules (91% vs. 71.8%; p < 0.01) and plaques (100% vs. 66.7%; p < 0.01). SSS demonstrated sensitivity (80.9%), specificity (81.8%), PPV (98.7%) and NPV (20.5%) against modified PCR. Low parasite loads and atypical lesions can be diagnosed by the proposed method with higher accuracy.

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A Comprehensive Review of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka and Identification of Existing Knowledge Gaps

Cited by 14 publications

References 65 publications

Abundance, composition, peak active-period and vertical flight range of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), the vector of leishmaniasis in Kurunegala district

Abundance, composition, peak active-period and vertical flight range of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), the vector of leishmaniasis in Kurunegala district

Placing Leishmaniasis in the Limelight through the Communicable Disease Surveillance System: An Experience from Sri Lanka

Development of a Highly Sensitive Nested PCR and Its Application for the Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka

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