A Comprehensive Review of COVID-19–Associated Endocrine Manifestations

Khan, Saif; Karim, Maryam; Gupta, Vasu; Goel, Heenam; Jain, Rohit

doi:10.14423/smj.0000000000001542

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Malaise, the most common symptom of long COVID, is a symptom that should be considered as a differential diagnosis for endocrine and metabolic disorders such as glucose abnormalities, thyroid dysfunction and adrenal dysfunction. Endocrine and metabolic disorders associated with COVID-19 include type 2 diabetes and thyroid disorders, particularly subacute thyroiditis and euthyroid sick syndrome 17 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occult endocrine disorders newly diagnosed in patients with post-COVID-19 symptoms

Nakano,

Sunada,

Tokumasu

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Determination of long COVID requires ruling out alternative diagnoses, but there has been no report on the features of alternative diagnoses. This study was a single-center retrospective study of outpatients who visited our clinic between February 2021 and June 2023 that was carried out to determine the characteristics of alternative diagnoses in patients with post-COVID-19 symptoms. In a total of 731 patients, 50 patients (6.8%) were newly diagnosed with 52 diseases requiring medical intervention, and 16 (32%) of those 50 patients (2.2% of the total) were considered to have priority for treatment of the newly diagnosed disorders over long COVID treatment. The proportion of patients with a new diagnosis increased with advance of age, with 15.7% of the patients aged 60 years or older having a new diagnosis. Endocrine and metabolic diseases and hematological and respiratory diseases were the most common, being detected in eight patients (16%) each. Although 35 of the 52 diseases (67%) were related to their symptoms, endocrine and metabolic diseases were the least associated with specific symptoms. Other disorders that require attention were found especially in elderly patients with symptomatic long COVID. Thus, appropriate assessment and differentiation from alternative diagnoses are necessary for managing long COVID.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occult endocrine disorders newly diagnosed in patients with post-COVID-19 symptoms

Nakano,

Sunada,

Tokumasu

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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“…The presence of ACE2 receptor on endocrine system suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may cause alternations in endocrine function. Up to date several endocrine disorders such as diabetes, autoimmune thyroiditis, adrenal insufficiency, and male infertility have been reported in association with post COVID-19 disease [86][87][88][89].…”

Section: Long Covid-19 and Endocrine Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Aftermath of COVID-19: Exploring Long-Term Effects on the Organ Systems

Golzardi,

Hromić-Jahjefendić,

Šutković

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background: Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) is a complicated disease that affects millions of people all over the world. Previous studies have shown that PASC impacts 10% of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients of which 50-70% are hospitalized. It has also been shown that 10-12% of those vaccinated against COVID-19 were affected with PASC and its complications. The severity and the later development of PASC symptoms is positively associated with the early intensity of the infection. Results: The generated health complications caused by PASC involve a vast variety of organ systems. Patients affected by PASC have been diagnosed with neuropsychiatric and neurological symptoms. Cardiovascular system also has been involved and several diseases such as myocarditis, pericarditis, and coronary artery diseases were reported. Chronic hematological problems such as thrombotic endothelialitis and hypercoagulability were described as a condition that could increase the risk of clotting disorders and coagulopathy in PASC patients. Chest pain, breathlessness, and cough in PASC patients were associated with respiratory system in long COVID-19 causing respiratory distress syndrome. The observed immune complications were notable, involving several diseases. Renal system also was impacted and result in raising the risk of diseases such as thrombotic issues, fibrosis, and sepsis. Endocrine gland malfunction can lead to diabetes, thyroiditis, and male infertility. Symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, loss of appetite and taste were also among reported observations due to several gastrointestinal disorders. Skin abnormalities might be an indication of infection and long-term implications such as persistent cutaneous complaints were linked to PASC. Conclusions: Long COVID is a multidimensional syndrome with considerable public health implications, affecting several physiological systems and demanding thorough medical therapy as well as more study to address its underlying causes and long-term effects.

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“…In a retrospective cohort study of 236,379 patients conducted by Taquet et al, 17.4% were diagnosed with anxiety disorder and 13.7% with a mood disorder in the 6 months following a COVID-19 diagnosis [ 101 ]. Long COVID may cause metabolic dysregulation, including the new onset of insulin resistance [ 102 ]. Al-Hakeim et al found an association between insulin resistance and depression in long COVID patients, which they link to the neurotoxicity of oxidative stress in an insulin-resistant milieu [ 103 ].…”

Section: Symptoms Of Long Covidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long COVID, the Brain, Nerves, and Cognitive Function

Reiss

Greene

Dayaramani

et al. 2023

Neurology International

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SARS-CoV-2, a single-stranded RNA coronavirus, causes an illness known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Long-term complications are an increasing issue in patients who have been infected with COVID-19 and may be a result of viral-associated systemic and central nervous system inflammation or may arise from a virus-induced hypercoagulable state. COVID-19 may incite changes in brain function with a wide range of lingering symptoms. Patients often experience fatigue and may note brain fog, sensorimotor symptoms, and sleep disturbances. Prolonged neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms are prevalent and can interfere substantially in everyday life, leading to a massive public health concern. The mechanistic pathways by which SARS-CoV-2 infection causes neurological sequelae are an important subject of ongoing research. Inflammation- induced blood-brain barrier permeability or viral neuro-invasion and direct nerve damage may be involved. Though the mechanisms are uncertain, the resulting symptoms have been documented from numerous patient reports and studies. This review examines the constellation and spectrum of nervous system symptoms seen in long COVID and incorporates information on the prevalence of these symptoms, contributing factors, and typical course. Although treatment options are generally lacking, potential therapeutic approaches for alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life are explored.

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A Comprehensive Review of COVID-19–Associated Endocrine Manifestations

Cited by 5 publications

References 44 publications

Occult endocrine disorders newly diagnosed in patients with post-COVID-19 symptoms

Occult endocrine disorders newly diagnosed in patients with post-COVID-19 symptoms

The Aftermath of COVID-19: Exploring Long-Term Effects on the Organ Systems

Long COVID, the Brain, Nerves, and Cognitive Function

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