A Comprehensive Review of Biopolymer Fabrication in Additive Manufacturing Processing for 3D-Tissue-Engineering Scaffolds

Abstract

The selection of a scaffold-fabrication method becomes challenging due to the variety in manufacturing methods, biomaterials and technical requirements. The design and development of tissue engineering scaffolds depend upon the porosity, which provides interconnected pores, suitable mechanical strength, and the internal scaffold architecture. The technology of the additive manufacturing (AM) method via photo-polymerization 3D printing is reported to have the capability to fabricate high resolution and finely controlled dimensions of a scaffold. This technology is also easy to operate, low cost and enables fast printing, compared to traditional methods and other additive manufacturing techniques. This article aims to review the potential of the photo-polymerization 3D-printing technique in the fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds. This review paper also highlights the comprehensive comparative study between photo-polymerization 3D printing with other scaffold fabrication techniques. Various parameter settings that influence mechanical properties, biocompatibility and porosity behavior are also discussed in detail.

Novel Trends in Hydrogel Development for Biomedical Applications: A Review

“…This complex mixture offers adequate biochemical and mechanical support to the surrounding cells, and it controls their performance in the regeneration process [ 9 , 10 ]. However, although TE has been considered a promising strategy to provide biological substitutes that can mimic the ECM, there are still important obstacles to overcome, such as the lack of specific materials for scaffold development and new procedures that enable the processing of delicate polymers such as proteins [ 11 , 12 ]. In this way, hydrogels have been extensively used in these biomedical research fields to overcome the main difficulties, as they can mimic many features of the native cellular microenvironment, due to their suitable properties for this purpose, e.g., their outstanding water retention capacity and flexibility [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”

Bioactive Magnetic Materials in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review of Recent Findings in CaP‐Based Particles and 3D‐Printed Scaffolds

“…The most studied biopolymers in additive fabrication have been sodium alginate, chitosan, gelatin, and silk fibroin. [ 288 ] Table 4 comprises the literature reports concerning the fabrication of magnetic scaffolds made of natural polymers combined with MNP.…”

Influence of Process Parameters on the Characteristics of Additively Manufactured Parts Made from Advanced Biopolymers

“…Visible light-sensitive photo-initiators are less cytotoxic and more water-soluble than UV light-sensitive photo-initiators, but they cure at a slower rate due to the lower energy level of visible light [ 111 ]. Arifin et al [ 112 ] provided a short review of the effects of various SLA process parameters, such as curing time, power light source/intensity, resolution, layer thickness, and scan velocity on the cured thickness (fill cure depth) of solidified resin, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and porosity of a biomedical component (i.e., a TE scaffold). It was found that the influence of the process parameters relies not only on the process parameter setup but also on the type and viscosity of the resin, meaning that scaffold properties are defined by the combination of all of these factors.…”