A comprehensive review of biochar in removal of organic pollutants from wastewater: Characterization, toxicity, activation/functionalization and influencing treatment factors
“…However, the sorption process for activated biochar increased quite linearly in the first 100 min and reached equilibrium slowly at 250 min. Both raw and activated biochar demonstrated two‐phase sorption, e.g., high sorption initial phase and low sorption later phase, which is identical to other reported biochars for the sequestration of different dye and metal species (Chu et al, 2020; Kwak et al, 2019; Zeghioud et al, 2022). In the initial phase, the biochar surface has abundant active sites (Liu et al, 2022), promoting the interaction of pollutants molecules with the sorption sites (Roy et al, 2022); these sites become saturated with time, leading to decreasing sorption of MO molecules (Aichour et al, 2022).…”
Biochar is a promising engineering material to sequestrate organic pollutants from wastewater. In the current study, several surface-modified Moringa (M.) oleifera leaf biochars were prepared and utilized for the sorption of methyl orange (MO) dye from an aqueous solution. Raw biochar was produced by the carbonization of M. oleifera leaves at 350°C in a muffle furnace for 2 h. The surface-modified M. oleifera biochars were prepared at 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C using phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) at different combinations to improve the biochar pore structure, surface functional groups, and biochar stability. The highest surface area (267.15 ± 42.40 m 2 /g) of the modified biochar was achieved at 500°C with H 3 PO 4 to raw biochar ratio of 1.5. Surface morphological results revealed the formation of pores, troughs, and channels with the increasing activation temperature. The carbon (C) content (wt%) was maximum (79.61%) for activated biochar at 500°C. The presence of enhanced functional groups, e.g., hydroxyl, aliphatic carbon-hydrogen, carbonyl, ester, and phenol structures in surface-modified biochars was observed from FT-IR results. The Langmuir isotherm model was fitted to better describe the adsorption phenomenon for both surface-modified biochars and raw biochar compared to the Freundlich isotherm model. The highest adsorption capacity was
“…However, the sorption process for activated biochar increased quite linearly in the first 100 min and reached equilibrium slowly at 250 min. Both raw and activated biochar demonstrated two‐phase sorption, e.g., high sorption initial phase and low sorption later phase, which is identical to other reported biochars for the sequestration of different dye and metal species (Chu et al, 2020; Kwak et al, 2019; Zeghioud et al, 2022). In the initial phase, the biochar surface has abundant active sites (Liu et al, 2022), promoting the interaction of pollutants molecules with the sorption sites (Roy et al, 2022); these sites become saturated with time, leading to decreasing sorption of MO molecules (Aichour et al, 2022).…”
Biochar is a promising engineering material to sequestrate organic pollutants from wastewater. In the current study, several surface-modified Moringa (M.) oleifera leaf biochars were prepared and utilized for the sorption of methyl orange (MO) dye from an aqueous solution. Raw biochar was produced by the carbonization of M. oleifera leaves at 350°C in a muffle furnace for 2 h. The surface-modified M. oleifera biochars were prepared at 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C using phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) at different combinations to improve the biochar pore structure, surface functional groups, and biochar stability. The highest surface area (267.15 ± 42.40 m 2 /g) of the modified biochar was achieved at 500°C with H 3 PO 4 to raw biochar ratio of 1.5. Surface morphological results revealed the formation of pores, troughs, and channels with the increasing activation temperature. The carbon (C) content (wt%) was maximum (79.61%) for activated biochar at 500°C. The presence of enhanced functional groups, e.g., hydroxyl, aliphatic carbon-hydrogen, carbonyl, ester, and phenol structures in surface-modified biochars was observed from FT-IR results. The Langmuir isotherm model was fitted to better describe the adsorption phenomenon for both surface-modified biochars and raw biochar compared to the Freundlich isotherm model. The highest adsorption capacity was
“… Fig. 18 Biochar application of removal of organic toxic pollutants from wastewater (adapted from [ 125 ]) Plastic waste management …”
Section: Potential Applications Of Bamboo-derived Charcoal and Biocharmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…17 The effect of biochar on the greenhouse effect (adapted from F. [123] Fig. 18 Biochar application of removal of organic toxic pollutants from wastewater (adapted from [125]) and long-lasting method for managing plastic waste and reducing environmental problems simultaneously is the pyrolysis of plastic waste to produce biochar [87,88]. This adversely effect the marine life also, from the poles to the equator, from shorelines, estuaries, and the sea surface to the depths of the ocean, man-made waste has ruined marine environments.…”
Bamboo, the fastest-growing plant, has several unique characteristics that make it appropriate for diverse applications. It is low-cost, high-tensile, lightweight, flexible, durable, and capable of proliferating even in ineffectual areas (e.g., incline). This review discusses the unique properties of bamboo for making charcoal and biochar for diverse applications. To produce bamboo charcoal and biochar, this study reports on the pyrolysis process for the thermal degradation of organic materials in an oxygen-depleted atmosphere under a specific temperature. This is an alternative method for turning waste biomass into products with additional value, such as biochar. Due to various advantages, bamboo charcoal is preferred over regular charcoal as it has four times the absorption rate and ten times more surface area reported. According to the reports, the charcoal yield ranges from 24.60 to 74.27%. Bamboo chopsticks were the most useful source for producing charcoal, with a high yield of 74.27% at 300 °C in nitrogen, but the thorny bamboo species have a tremendous amount of minimal charcoal, i.e., 24.60%. The reported biochar from bamboo yield ranges from 32 to 80%. The most extensive biochar production is produced by the bamboo
D. giganteus
, which yields 80% biochar at 300 °C. Dry bamboo stalks at 400 °C produced 32% biochar. One of the sections highlights biochar as a sustainable solution for plastic trash management produced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Another section is dedicated to the knowledge enhancement about the broad application spectrum of the charcoal and biochar. The last section highlights the conclusions, future perspectives, and recommendations on the charcoal and biochar derived from bamboo.
Graphical Abstract
“…However, such carbonaceous materials are not only extremely expensive but are also difficult to obtain. Biochar is a kind of carbon-rich product generated by the pyrolysis of biomass under anaerobic conditions [ 14 ]. Its advantages of easy access to carbon sources and low cost have given it a popular role in a new class of carbon-based materials [ 14 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Biochar is a kind of carbon-rich product generated by the pyrolysis of biomass under anaerobic conditions [ 14 ]. Its advantages of easy access to carbon sources and low cost have given it a popular role in a new class of carbon-based materials [ 14 ]. Generally speaking, the properties of biochar are mainly determined by its natural structure and preparation process.…”
Luffa leaf (LL) is an agricultural waste produced by loofah. In this work, LL was used as biomass carbon source for biochars for the first time. After carbonization, activation, and chemical co-precipitation treatments, a magnetic lignocellulose-derived hierarchical porous biochar was obtained. The specific surface area and total pore volume were 2565.4 m2/g and 1.4643 cm3/g, and the surface was rich in carbon and oxygen functional groups. The synthetic dye rhodamine B (RhB) and the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride (TH) were selected as organic pollutant models to explore the ability to remove organic pollutants, and the results showed good adsorption performances. The maximum adsorption capacities were 1701.7 mg/g for RhB and 1755.9 mg/g for TH, which were higher than most carbon-based adsorbents. After 10 cycles of use, the removal efficiencies were still maintained at more than 70%, showing good stability. This work not only verified the feasibility of lignocellulose LL as a carbon source to prepare biochar but also prepared a magnetic hierarchical porous adsorbent with good performances that can better treat RhB and TH, which provided a new idea and direction for the efficient removal of organic pollutants in water.
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