“…Recently, research has focused on integrating neuromorphic systems and hard-ware-based neural networks with various emerging memory devices to enable energy-efficient operation of artificial intelligence algorithms [ 9 , 10 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. For instance, on-chip learning can reduce power consumption and compensate for the degradation caused by device variation [ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ].…”