A Comprehensive Review for Groundwater Contamination and Remediation: Occurrence, Migration and Adsorption Modelling

Abstract

The provision of safe water for people is a human right; historically, a major number of people depend on groundwater as a source of water for their needs, such as agricultural, industrial or human activities. Water resources have recently been affected by organic and/or inorganic contaminants as a result of population growth and increased anthropogenic activity, soil leaching and pollution. Water resource remediation has become a serious environmental concern, since it has a direct impact on many aspects of people’s lives. For decades, the pump-and-treat method has been considered the predominant treatment process for the remediation of contaminated groundwater with organic and inorganic contaminants. On the other side, this technique missed sustainability and the new concept of using renewable energy. Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) have been implemented as an alternative to conventional pump-and-treat systems for remediating polluted groundwater because of their effectiveness and ease of implementation. In this paper, a review of the importance of groundwater, contamination and biological, physical as well as chemical remediation techniques have been discussed. In this review, the principles of the permeable reactive barrier’s use as a remediation technique have been introduced along with commonly used reactive materials and the recent applications of the permeable reactive barrier in the remediation of different contaminants, such as heavy metals, chlorinated solvents and pesticides. This paper also discusses the characteristics of reactive media and contaminants’ uptake mechanisms. Finally, remediation isotherms, the breakthrough curves and kinetic sorption models are also being presented. It has been found that groundwater could be contaminated by different pollutants and must be remediated to fit human, agricultural and industrial needs. The PRB technique is an efficient treatment process that is an inexpensive alternative for the pump-and-treat procedure and represents a promising technique to treat groundwater pollution.

Neural network for modeling the capture of lead and cadmium ions from wastewater using date palm stones

“…Water contamination with heavy metals is the increasingly spreading problems in the fields of water conservation and safety. It is linked to a variety of human activities, including mining, metal processing, petroleum, and power generation, as well as metal-based pigments, wastes of electroplating, and other kinds of industrial wastes on a smaller scale (Hashim et al 2011;Faisal et al 2018Faisal et al , 2020aFaisal et al , 2021Al-Hashimi et al 2021;Sharma and Naushad 2020). Cadmium and lead ions have long been a source of concern in the ecosystem due to their toxicity to living things.…”

Statistical analysis for water quality index for Shatt-Al-Hilla river in Babel city

“…Therefore, the need for water treatment technologies and water monitoring policies becomes more urgent than any time before (Al-Hashimi et al 2021;Hashim et al 2021b). In this context, many methods were used to remediate water from a certain pollutant of a set of pollutants, such as filtration (Abdulraheem et al 2020;Alhendal et al 2020;Alyafei et al 2020), electrocoagulation (Aqeel et al 2020;Hashim et al 2020b), ultrasonic-based methods (Al-Marri et al 2020), and adsorbents (Alenazi et al 2020a(Alenazi et al , 2020b.…”

The multiplex PCR assay detection of Staphylococcus sciuri antibiotic resistance, mecA gene, and the inhibitory effect of root exudate of Nigella sativa (black seeds) treated with magnetized water

“…It is noteworthy that antibiotics could be discharged into the wastewater because many households get rid of the antibiotics by throwing them in the bathroom. A noticeable concentration of the antibiotics remains in the urine of the patients [ 14 , 15 ]. However, many treatment methods could be used to remove the antibiotics from water/wastewater, such as electrocoagulation [ 16 – 19 ], electrolyzing [ 20 – 25 ], application of some types of adsorbents [ 26 – 28 ], chemical or natural coagulants [ 29 – 32 ] and combined methods [ 33 – 35 ].…”