A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks

Tian, H.; Xu, Rongting; Canadell, Josep G.; Thompson, Rona L.; Winiwarter, Wilfried; Suntharalingam, Parvadha; Davidson, Eric A.; Ciais, Philippe; Jackson, Robert B.; Janssens‐Maenhout, Greet; Prather, Michael J.; Regnier, Pierre; Pan, Naiqing; Pan, Shufen; Peters, Glen P.; Shi, Hao; Tubiello, Francesco N.; Zaehle, Sönke; Zhou, Feng; Arneth, Almut; Battaglia, Gianna; Berthet, Sarah; Bopp, Laurent; Bouwman, Alexander F.; Buitenhuis, Erik T.; Chang, Jinfeng; Chipperfield, Martyn; Dangal, Shree R. S.; Dlugokencky, Edward J.; Elkins, James W.; Eyre, Bradley D.; Fu, Bojie; Hall, B. D.; Ito, Akihiko; Joos, F.; Krummel, P. B.; Landolfi, Angela; Laruelle, Goulven Gildas; Lauerwald, Ronny; Li, Wei; Lienert, Sebastian; Maavara, Taylor; MacLeod, Michael; Millet, Dylan B.; Olin, Stefan; Patra, Prabir K.; Prinn, Ronald G.; Raymond, Peter A.; Ruiz, Daniel J.; Werf, Guido R. van der; Vuichard, Nicolas; Wang, Junjie; Weiss, Ray F.; Wells, Kelley C.; Wilson, Chris; Yang, Jia; Yao, Yuanzhi

doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2780-0

Cited by 973 publications

(759 citation statements)

References 97 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…2020. The higher values inYao et al (2020) are primarily due to N2O emissions from small streams, which are not 565 included inMaavara et al (2019), while both studies agree fairly well regarding N2O emissions from larger rivers(Yao et al, 2020).…”

mentioning

confidence: 63%

The consolidated European synthesis of CH₄ and N₂O emissions for EU27 and UK: 1990–2018

Petrescu¹,

Qiu²,

Ciais³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Reliable quantification of the sources and sinks of greenhouse gases, together with trends and uncertainties, is essential to monitoring the progress in mitigating anthropogenic emissions under the Paris Agreement. This study provides a consolidated synthesis of CH4 and N2O emissions with consistently derived state-of-the-art bottom-up (BU) and top-down (TD) data sources for the European Union and UK (EU27+UK). We integrate recent emission inventory data, ecosystem process-based model results, and inverse modelling estimates over the period 1990–2018. BU and TD products are compared with European National GHG Inventories (NGHGI) reported to the UN climate convention secretariat UNFCCC in 2019. For uncertainties, we used for NGHGI the standard deviation obtained by varying parameters of inventory calculations, reported by the Member States following the IPCC guidelines recommendations. For atmospheric inversion models (TD) or other inventory datasets (BU), we defined uncertainties from the spread between different model estimates or model specific uncertainties when reported. In comparing NGHGI with other approaches, a key source of bias is the activities included, e.g. anthropogenic versus anthropogenic plus natural fluxes. In inversions, the separation between anthropogenic and natural emissions is sensitive to the geospatial prior distribution of emissions. Over the 2011–2015 period, which is the common denominator of data availability between all sources, the anthropogenic BU approaches are directly comparable, reporting mean emissions of 20.8 Tg CH4 yr−1 (EDGAR v5.0) and 19.0 Tg CH4 yr−1 (GAINS), consistent with the NGHGI estimates of 18.9 ± 1.7 Tg CH4 yr−1. TD total inversions estimates give higher emission estimates, as they also include natural emissions. Over the same period regional TD inversions with higher resolution atmospheric transport models give a mean emission of 28.8 Tg CH4 yr−1. Coarser resolution global TD inversions are consistent with regional TD inversions, for global inversions with GOSAT satellite data (23.3 Tg CH4yr−1) and surface network (24.4 Tg CH4 yr−1). The magnitude of natural peatland emissions from the JSBACH-HIMMELI model, natural rivers and lakes emissions and geological sources together account for the gap between NGHGI and inversions and account for 5.2 Tg CH4 yr−1. For N2O emissions, over the 2011–2015 period, both BU approaches (EDGAR v5.0 and GAINS) give a mean value of anthropogenic emissions of 0.8 and 0.9 Tg N2O yr−1 respectively, agreeing with the NGHGI data (0.9 ± 0.6 Tg N2O yr−1). Over the same period, the average of the three total TD global and regional inversions was 1.3 ± 0.4 and 1.3 ± 0.1 Tg N2O yr−1 respectively, compared to 0.9 Tg N2O yr−1 from the BU data. The TU and BU comparison method defined in this study can be operationalized for future yearly updates for the calculation of CH4 and N2O budgets both at EU+UK scale and at national scale. The referenced datasets related to figures are visualized at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4288969 (Petrescu et al., 2020).

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mentioning

confidence: 63%

The consolidated European synthesis of CH₄ and N₂O emissions for EU27 and UK: 1990–2018

Petrescu¹,

Qiu²,

Ciais³

et al. 2020

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…In addition the scenarios may have underestimated the emissions and impacts of other greenhouse gases e.g. nitrous oxide (Tian et al 2020).…”

Section: Most Current Policy Underestimates the Scale Severity And Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Given that the Paris Agreement is unlikely to prevent dangerous climate overshoot, an alternative risk management strategy is urgently needed

Taylor¹,

Vink²

2020

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“…Elevating the expression or activity of NGR5 (nitrogen-mediated tiller growth response) in rice can possibly reduce nitrogen fertilizer use while increasing grain yields further 77 . Application of an optimum level of nitrogenous fertilizer can additionally reduce emission of nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas that is 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide in affecting climate change 78 . Nitrogen use is ine ciently distributed spatially across global food systems 79 .…”

Section: Dilemma In Choosing Inbred or Hybrid Varietymentioning

confidence: 99%

Grain Yield Performance of Hybrid Rice in Multi-Environment Tests for Thirty-two Years in India

Muralidharan¹,

Prasad²,

Rao³

et al. 2020

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Background: Hybrid F1genotypes with higher yields or improvement in other traits of economic value due to heterosis as compared to inbred local check varieties (ILCV), are identified and released as hybrid commercial varieties. We analyzed the yield data of 2070 hybrid F1 genotypes with ILCV evaluated over 32 years (1988 to 2019) in 2376 multi-environment experiments executed at 102 locations in the irrigated ecosystem across India. Results: The genetic gain or loss in yield of hybrid F1 genotypes estimated over the test duration was non-significant. Hybrid F1 genotypes produced 10% more grains (728-2588 kg/ha) than ILCV in many experiments at several locations. Our analyses have established that grain yields of 7.0 to 7.9 t/ha, were harvested in hybrid F1 genotypes with early, mid-early and medium maturity duration, and in those with medium slender grains at many locations in 362 experiments. A higher level of rice productivity per day (62 to 63 kg/ha) was recorded with the early maturing and mid-early maturing hybrid F1 genotypes in these tests. The N requirement to produce 8 t/ha of hybrid rice grains was 15 kg N/t as compared with a minimum of 20 kg N/t used in China. Both the hybrids and inbreds in these experiments produced grain yields that were easily attained previously with high yielding (≥10 t/ha) commercial inbreds since 1968. Unless the attainable yields are reached in inbred checks with the proven appropriate crop production practices in an experiment, it is futile to estimate a genetic gain or loss for grain yields in new genotypes developed.Conclusions: Hybrid genotypes bred in India produced yields of 7 to 8 t/ha which matched with reports from China on hybrids and green super rice; these India-bred hybrids showed higher productivity per day and shorter maturity periods than super hybrids of China. Opportunities still exist to breed indica/japonica hybrids to obtain more heterotic early and mid-early maturing hybrids, and develop efficient agronomical practices to realize the potential advantages from hybrids. There is scope for breeders to limit test locations to represent specific target areas to avoid data loss. Focusing on removing obstacles in hybrid seed production is essential to exploit yield heterosis in hybrids, and to make hybrid rice technology profitable to farmers.

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A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks

Cited by 973 publications

References 97 publications

The consolidated European synthesis of CH₄ and N₂O emissions for EU27 and UK: 1990–2018

The consolidated European synthesis of CH₄ and N₂O emissions for EU27 and UK: 1990–2018

Given that the Paris Agreement is unlikely to prevent dangerous climate overshoot, an alternative risk management strategy is urgently needed

Grain Yield Performance of Hybrid Rice in Multi-Environment Tests for Thirty-two Years in India

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A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks

Cited by 973 publications

References 97 publications

The consolidated European synthesis of CH4 and N2O emissions for EU27 and UK: 1990–2018

The consolidated European synthesis of CH4 and N2O emissions for EU27 and UK: 1990–2018

Given that the Paris Agreement is unlikely to prevent dangerous climate overshoot, an alternative risk management strategy is urgently needed

Grain Yield Performance of Hybrid Rice in Multi-Environment Tests for Thirty-two Years in India

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The consolidated European synthesis of CH₄ and N₂O emissions for EU27 and UK: 1990–2018

The consolidated European synthesis of CH₄ and N₂O emissions for EU27 and UK: 1990–2018