A comprehensive phytochemical, biological, and toxicological studies of roots and aerial parts of Crotalaria burhia Buch.-Ham: An important medicinal plant

Abstract

This study was designed to seek the phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and toxicity potentials of methanol and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of aerial and root parts of Crotalaria burhia. Total bioactive content, high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) polyphenolic quantification, and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) analysis were utilized to evaluate the phytochemical composition. Antioxidant [including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH)], 2,2′-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity CUPRAC, phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelation assays] and enzyme inhibition [against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and tyrosinase] assays were carried out for biological evaluation. The cytotoxicity was tested against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cell lines. The root-methanol extract contained the highest levels of phenolics (37.69 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract) and flavonoids (83.0 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract) contents, and was also the most active for DPPH (50.04 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract) and CUPRAC (139.96 mg Trolox equivalent /g extract) antioxidant assays. Likewise, the aerial-methanol extract exhibited maximum activity for ABTS (94.05 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract) and FRAP (64.23 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract) assays. The aerial-DCM extract was noted to be a convincing cholinesterase (AChE; 4.01 and BChE; 4.28 mg galantamine equivalent/g extract), and α-glucosidase inhibitor (1.92 mmol acarbose equivalent/g extract). All of the extracts exhibited weak to modest toxicity against the tested cell lines. A considerable quantities of gallic acid, catechin, 4-OH benzoic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, 3-OH-4-MeO benzaldehyde, epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, rutin, naringenin, and carvacrol were quantified via HPLC-PDA analysis. UHPLC-MS analysis of methanolic extracts from roots and aerial parts revealed the tentative identification of important phytoconstituents such as polyphenols, saponins, flavonoids, and glycoside derivatives. To conclude, this plant could be considered a promising source of origin for bioactive compounds with several therapeutic uses.

Plant Extracts as Skin Care and Therapeutic Agents

“…Orchidaceae tubers [194] Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae leaves [195] Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae fruits [196] Andropogon virginicus Poaceae aerial parts [197] Angelica keiskei Umbelliferae leaves, roots [198] Arachis hypogaea Fabaceae peanut shell [154] Areca catechu Palmaceae fruits [195] Arctium minus Asteraceae flower heads, leaves, roots [199] Artemisia verlotiorum Asteraceae whole plant [200] Atractylodis macrocephalae Asteraceae rhizomes [201] Berberis thunbergii Berberidaceae leaves [202] Bergenia pacumbis Saxifragaceae plant and its rhizomes [203] Blepharis linariifolia Acanthaceae aerial parts [204] Bletilla striata Orchidaceae tubers, fibrous roots [205] Breynia retusa Phyllanthaceae leaves [206] Bridelia ferruginea Phyllanthaceae leaves, stem bark [207] Bruguiera gymnorhiza Rhizophoraceae leaves, roots, fruits [158] Cakile maritima Brassicaceae fruits, leaves, stems [208] Cannabis sativa Cannabaceae seeds [169] Carthamus tinctorius Asteraceae seeds [209] Celastrus hindsii Celastracea leaves [210] Cercis glabra Fabaceae leaves [211] Cladium mariscus Cyperaceae seeds [212] Clausena indica Rutaceae roots [213] Combretum micranthum Combretaceae leaves [196] Crotalaria burhia Fabaceae aerial parts, roots [214] Croton hirtus Euphorbiaceae aerial parts [215] Cudrania tricuspidata Moraceae fruits [216] Cytinus hypocistis Cytinaceae aerial parts [217] Dianella ensifolia Liliaceae roots [218] Dodonaea viscosa Sapindaceae stems [219] Elaeagnus angustifolia Elaeagnaceae fruits, leaves [220] Table 4. Cont.…”

Digestion-Related Enzyme Inhibition Potential of Selected Mexican Medicinal Plants (Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven, Cnidoscolus aconitifolius and Crotalaria longirostrata)

“…Due to C. longirostrata being a poorly studied plant, there is limited information available regarding studies on its enzymatic inhibition. However, a comparison was made with research conducted by Anwar et al in 2022 [59], where a plant called Crotalaria burhia Buch.-Ham, belonging to the same genus as C. longirostrata, was studied. In this study, the inhibitory activity of α-Amylase was measured, and it was found that with methanol extracts, an IC 50 inhibition of 0.63 mmol/g was observed.…”