A Comprehensive Look at the Possibilities of Edible Insects as Food in Europe – A Review

Mlček, Jiří­; Rop, Otakar; Borkovcová, Marie; Bednářová, Martina

doi:10.2478/v10222-012-0099-8

Cited by 176 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Although amino acid composition is a determining factor in assessing protein sufficiency of birds (Boisen et al, 2000), 7.4%, 10.4% and 16% of the HH waste were from animal origin, plus insects and worms (Table 2), assumedly with a well-balanced amino acid content (Mlcek et al, 2014). This could indicate that the mature birds received sufficient protein.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Nutrient Adequacy from the Crop Contents of Free-Ranging Indigenous Chickens in Rural Villages of the Venda Region of South Africa

Raphulu¹,

Rensburg²,

Ryssen³

2015

SA J. An. Sci.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the nutritional status of scavenging chickens by assessing the composition of their crop contents. The study was conducted on 288 free-ranging indigenous chickens from six adjacent rural villages in Venda region of South Africa over three seasons (autumn, winter and spring). The chickens consumed grains, kitchen waste, seeds from the environment, plant materials, worms and insects, and some undistinguishable materials. Household waste accounted for 78.6%, 91.1% and 75.8% and materials of animal origin, including insects and worms, accounted for 7.4%, 10.4% and 16% of the crop content in autumn, winter and spring, respectively. Grains and kitchen waste consumption and macro-and micro-nutrient concentrations varied with season. The crude protein (CP) level of the crop contents of adult chickens in all seasons and the calcium and phosphorus levels in winter corresponded with the requirements of poultry for maintenance and growth, but not egg production. Supplementation of CP to young birds in all seasons and calcium and phosphorus in autumn and spring might be necessary to improve their growth. Concentrations of copper, manganese, zinc and cobalt were above the requirements of poultry, but below their maximum tolerance levels (MTL). Iron concentrations ranged from 2907 mg/kg DM to 6424 mg/kg DM, which are well above MTL, suggesting potential detrimental effects on the birds if the iron in the crop contents is bioavailable. Aluminium concentrations ranged from 2256 mg/kg DM to 4192 mg/kg DM, though aluminium is considered non-toxic. It was concluded that the birds would not suffer from micro-mineral deficiencies, and that a risk of toxicity would depend on the bioavailability of the consumed element. ______________________________________________________________________________________

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Nutrient Adequacy from the Crop Contents of Free-Ranging Indigenous Chickens in Rural Villages of the Venda Region of South Africa

Raphulu¹,

Rensburg²,

Ryssen³

2015

SA J. An. Sci.

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“…Reported values range between < 5 and more than 50 % crude fat of dry matter in edible insects (Xiaoming et al, 2010;Rumpold and Schlüter, 2013;Mlcek et al, 2014;Makkar et al, 2014). There is a high variation in fatty acids profiles across insect species (Thompson, 1973;Lu et al, 1992).…”

Section: Crude Fat (Ether Extract) and Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apart from the species and the developmental stages (eggs, larvae, pupae, adults), the nutritional composition depends on the feed of the insects (Bukkens, 1997;Finke, 2005;van der Poel, 2011, Oonincx andDierenfeld, 2012;Belluco et al, 2013;Rumpold and Schlüter, 2013;Makkar et al, 2014;Mlcek et al, 2014;Morales-Ramos et al, 2014;Sanchez-Muros, 2014). Handling, preparing and processing of insects may also influence the composition of insects (Babiker et al, 2007;Kinyuru et al, 2010;Falade and Omojola, 2010).…”

Section: Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk profile related to production and consumption of insects as food and feed

2015

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The present opinion has the format of a risk profile and presents potential biological and chemical hazards as well as allergenicity and environmental hazards associated with farmed insects used as food and feed taking into account of the entire chain, from farming to the final product. The opinion also addresses the occurrence of these hazards in non-processed insects, grown on different substrate categories, in comparison to the occurrence of these hazards in other non-processed sources of protein of animal origin. When currently allowed feed materials are used as substrate to feed insects, the possible occurrence of microbiological hazards is expected to be comparable to their occurrence in other nonprocessed sources of protein of animal origin. The possible occurrence of prions in non-processed insects will depend on whether the substrate includes protein of human or ruminant origin. Data on transfer of chemical contaminants from different substrates to the insects are very limited. Substrates like kitchen waste, human and animal manure are also considered and hazards from insects fed on these substrates need to be specifically assessed. It is concluded that for both biological and chemical hazards, the specific production methods, the substrate used, the stage of harvest, the insect species and developmental stage, as well as the methods for further processing will all have an impact on the occurrence and levels of biological and chemical contaminants in food and feed products derived from insects. Hazards related to the environment are expected to be comparable to other animal production systems. The opinion also identifies the uncertainties (lack of knowledge) related to possible hazards when insects are used as food and feed and notes that there are no systematically collected data on animal and human consumption of insects. Studies on the occurrence of microbial pathogens of vertebrates as well as published data on hazardous chemicals in reared insects are scarce. Further data generation on these issues are highly recommended. Risk profile related to production and consumption of insects as food and feed EFSA Scientific Committee AbstractThe present opinion has the format of a risk profile and presents potential biological and chemical hazards as well as allergenicity and environmental hazards associated with farmed insects used as food and feed taking into account of the entire chain, from farming to the final product. The opinion also addresses the occurrence of these hazards in non-processed insects, grown on different substrate categories, in comparison to the occurrence of these hazards in other non-processed sources of protein of animal origin. When currently allowed feed materials are used as substrate to feed insects, the possible occurrence of microbiological hazards is expected to be comparable to their occurrence in other non-processed sources of protein of animal origin. The possible occurrence of prions in nonprocessed insects will depend on whether the substrate includes protein ...

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“…Whereas many non-EU countries display a continued tradition of consuming insects and in some developing countries, the consumption of insects appears to be a solution to overcoming protein shortage in human diet, the EU's position on promoting the breeding of edible insects has been reserved so far and seems to address different issues: firstly, the food safety, and secondly, the environmental benefits of breeding edible insects compared to breeding livestock (Mlcek et al 2014). Some authors argue that the EU's approach to promoting edible insects is inconsistent insofar as there is a conflict between the stress on research and development on the hand, and high safety standards for food and feed on the other hand, which hamper a fast development of a new agricultural industry sector (De-Magistris et al 2015).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Legal and environmental aspects of authorizing edible insects in the European Union

Grmelová¹,

Sedmidubsky²

2017

AGR ECON-CZECH

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Grmelova N., Sedmidubsky T. (2017): Legal and environmental aspects of authorizing edible insects in the European Union. Agric. Econ. -Czech, 63: 393-399. Abstract:Nutritional values of diff erent foodstuff s have been examined in various studies on a number of occasions. However, so far, little attention has been paid to the legal aspects of introducing edible insects in the European Union. Yet, the rearing of this mini-livestock for food and feed has a potential of developing into a new agricultural sector, which is sustainable, unlike the breeding of the traditional livestock. Th e aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the legal background of authorizing edible insects in the European Union, taking into account the environmental impacts thereof. At present, the Member States are free to regulate this fi eld, however, only until the transitional period established by the European Union (EU) rules has expired, since the EU wide regulation for authorizing edible insects is to be introduced as of 1st January 2018.

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A Comprehensive Look at the Possibilities of Edible Insects as Food in Europe – A Review

Cited by 176 publications

References 65 publications

Assessing Nutrient Adequacy from the Crop Contents of Free-Ranging Indigenous Chickens in Rural Villages of the Venda Region of South Africa

Assessing Nutrient Adequacy from the Crop Contents of Free-Ranging Indigenous Chickens in Rural Villages of the Venda Region of South Africa

Risk profile related to production and consumption of insects as food and feed

Legal and environmental aspects of authorizing edible insects in the European Union

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