The sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide, the principal active component in medicinal plants, has been used conventionally to treat migraines, inflammation, and tumors. However, the antitumor effects of parthenolide and the mechanism(s) involved are poorly understood. We found that parthenolide effectively inhibits hepatoma cell growth in a tumor cell-specific manner and triggers apoptosis of hepatoma cells. Parthenolide triggered apoptosis in invasive sarcomatoid hepatocellular carcinoma cells (SH-J1) as well as in other ordinary hepatoma cells at 5-10 M concentrations and arrested the cell growth (at G 2 /M) at sublethal concentrations (1-3 M). During parthenolide-induced apoptosis, depletion of glutathione, generation of reactive oxygen species, reduction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, activation of caspases (caspases-7, -8, and -9), overexpression of GADD153 (an oxidative stress or anticancer agent inducible gene), and subsequent apoptotic cell death was observed. This induced apoptosis could be effectively inhibited or abrogated by an antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine, whereas L-buthionine-(S, R)-sulfoximine enhanced it. Furthermore, stable overexpression of GADD153 sensitized the cells to apoptosis induced by parthenolide, and this susceptibility could be reversed by transfection with an antisense to GADD153. Parthenolide did not alter the expression of Bcl-2 or Bcl-X L proteins during apoptosis in hepatoma cells. Oxidative stress may contribute to parthenolide-induced apoptosis and to GADD153 overexpression in a glutathione-sensitive manner. The sensitivity of tumor cells to parthenolide appears to result from the low expression level of the multifunctional detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase . Finally, parthenolide and its derivatives may be useful chemotherapeutic agents to treat these invasive cancers.Sesquiterpene lactones are isolated from extracts of Mexican-Indian medicinal plants and have been widely used in indigenous medical practices, including treatment of migraines (1, 2), inflammation (3), and tumors (4, 5). Parthenolide, the major sesquiterpene lactone found in medicinal plants such as feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), is known to inhibit interleukin 1-and tumor necrosis factor ␣-mediated NF-B activation, which is responsible for its anti-inflammatory activity (6, 7). Parthenolide has been reported to inhibit NF-B by targeting the IB kinase complex (7). Parthenolide also exerts an anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the expression of inducible cyclooxygenase, proinflammatory cytokines (8), and inducible nitric-oxide synthase (9). In contrast, the cytotoxic and antitumor effects of sesquiterpene lactones have not been well studied because of their low potency. Recently it has been reported that parthenolide inhibits the in vitro growth of tumor cells in a cytostatic fashion, and it has been proposed that if their selectively cytotoxic or cytostatic actions against tumor cells can be established, sesquiterpene lactones may represent a new class of cancer chemotherapeuti...