A Comprehensive Insight into Fungal Enzymes: Structure, Classification, and Their Role in Mankind’s Challenges

Abstract

Enzymes have played a crucial role in mankind’s challenges to use different types of biological systems for a diversity of applications. They are proteins that break down and convert complicated compounds to produce simple products. Fungal enzymes are compatible, efficient, and proper products for many uses in medicinal requests, industrial processing, bioremediation purposes, and agricultural applications. Fungal enzymes have appropriate stability to give manufactured products suitable shelf life, affordable cost, and approved demands. Fungal enzymes have been used from ancient times to today in many industries, including baking, brewing, cheese making, antibiotics production, and commodities manufacturing, such as linen and leather. Furthermore, they also are used in other fields such as paper production, detergent, the textile industry, and in drinks and food technology in products manufacturing ranging from tea and coffee to fruit juice and wine. Recently, fungi have been used for the production of more than 50% of the needed enzymes. Fungi can produce different types of enzymes extracellularly, which gives a great chance for producing in large amounts with low cost and easy viability in purified forms using simple purification methods. In the present review, a comprehensive trial has been advanced to elaborate on the different types and structures of fungal enzymes as well as the current status of the uses of fungal enzymes in various applications.

Trichoderma stromaticum spores induce autophagy and downregulate inflammatory mediators in human peripheral blood-derived macrophages

“…An imbalance in ROS production can promote infection or other disorders ( Mannan et al., 2021 ). ROS production can be associated to membrane damage and fungal enzymes are able to cause membrane disruption ( El-Gendi et al., 2022 ) and Trichoderma reesei liberate cellulases-containing extracellular vesicles that present molecules involved in lysosomal/endosomal transport regulation ( De Paula et al., 2019 ).…”

Enzymatic Activities of Halotolerant and Halophilic Fungi Isolated from Iko River Estuary, South-South Nigeria

“…These halotolerant fungi can detect high salt concentrations in the environment using the highosmolarity glycerol (HOG) signaling pathway [5]. Enzymes secreted by fungi are characterized by their high production potency, catalytic efficiency, easy purification and separation requirements, safety, and stability during harsh industrial conditions such as low water activity and high osmotic pressure [46]. The isolated fungi in this study were screened for the production of 3 industrially important enzymes (amylase, cellulase, and mannanase) under 10% salinity.…”

Fungal bioconversion of brewery by-products

“…Phytase, laccase, pectinase, cellulases, xylanases, lipases, and tannase are among the most important enzymes produced by fungi (Campioni et al, 2019;Linhartová et al, 2020;Londoño-Hernandez et al, 2020). One of the main activities of these enzymes is the bioconversion of a wide variety of agricultural and/or industrial biomass (El-Gendi et al, 2022;Fernandes et al, 2020;Xu et al, 2018). Thus, fungi can be considered as cell factories that produce high-value compounds including cellulose, antibiotics, organic acids, pectin, inulin, proteins, and lipids (Liu et al, 2020).…”

“…Thus, fungi can be considered as cell factories that produce high-value compounds including cellulose, antibiotics, organic acids, pectin, inulin, proteins, and lipids (Liu et al, 2020). Furthermore, fungal enzymes are of high value and dominate nearly half of the enzyme market due to their availability, compatibility, cost-efficiency, and versatility of applications (e.g., medicine, biotechnology, food, leather, and textile (El-Gendi et al, 2022;Meyer et al, 2020;Pellegrino et al, 2022;Wang et al, 2018). Therefore, the use of fungi is a promising green approach toward the production of sustainable compounds, reduction in the cost of production, and mitigation of the impact of wastes on the environment which contributes to bio-economies and human health (Boukid and Gagaoua 2022;Meyer et al, 2020).…”