A comprehensive framework for hard-magnetic beams: Reduced-order theory, 3D simulations, and experiments

Yan, Dong; Abbasi, Arefeh; Reis, Pedro

doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2021.111319

Cited by 41 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…which is linear to the thickness h. The adequacy of neglecting high-order terms in η 3 will be justified in Section 7 through validation against experiments in a variety of test cases. Also, we remark that in recent work on hard-magnetic beams (Yan et al, 2021a), rods (Sano et al, 2022), and shells (Yan et al, 2021b), the zero-order term of the magnetic potential has been shown to be sufficient in describing the mechanical behavior of these various structures under magnetic actuation.…”

Section: Reduced Magnetic Potentialmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…This magnetic field was axial and uniform in the central region between the coils. The setup we used was similar to that reported in Yan et al (2021a) but with coils of different sizes. Here, we chose a pair of bigger coils (inner diameter 190 mm, outer diameter 283 mm, height 54 mm) or a pair of small coils (inner diameter 86 mm, outer diameter 152 mm, height 33 mm) depending on the size of the specimen.…”

Section: Generation Of the Magnetic And Pressure Loadingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Starting from the torque-based continuum model, Wang et al (2020) presented a nonlinear theory of hard-magnetic elastica, which was then used in the design of 1D soft continuum robots (Wang et al, 2021). The numerical implementation and experimental validation of this beam model under a gradient field were performed by Yan et al (2021a) in a comprehensive study combining reducedorder modeling, 3D finite element modeling, and experiments. A detailed literature review of recent work on magnetic beams can be found in Yan et al (2021a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The numerical implementation and experimental validation of this beam model under a gradient field were performed by Yan et al (2021a) in a comprehensive study combining reducedorder modeling, 3D finite element modeling, and experiments. A detailed literature review of recent work on magnetic beams can be found in Yan et al (2021a). By studying 1D structural elements subjected to both bending and twisting, Sano et al (2022) derived a Kirchhoff-like theory to describe the 3D deformation of hard-magnetic rods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A reduced-order, rotation-based model for thin hard-magnetic plates

Dong¹,

Aymon²,

Reis³

2022

Preprint

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We develop a reduced-order model for thin plates made of hard magnetorheological elastomers (hard-MREs), which are materials composed of hard-magnetic particles embedded in a polymeric matrix. First, we propose a new magnetic potential, as an alternative to an existing torque-based 3D continuum theory of hard-MREs, obtained by reformulating the remnant magnetization of a deformed hard-MRE body. Specifically, the magnetizations in the initial and current configurations are related by the rotation tensor decomposed from the deformation gradient, independently of stretching deformation. This description is motivated by recently reported observations in microscopic homogenization simulations. Then, we derive a 2D plate model through the dimensional reduction of our proposed rotation-based 3D theory. For comparison, we also provide a second plate model derived from the existing 3D theory. Finally, we perform precision experiments to thoroughly evaluate the proposed 3D and 2D models on hard-magnetic plates under various magnetic and mechanical loading conditions. We demonstrate that our rotation-based modification of the magnetic potential is crucial in correctly capturing the behavior of plates subjected to an applied field aligned with the magnetization, and undergoing in-plane stretching. In all the tested cases, our rotation-based 3D and 2D models yield predictions in excellent quantitative agreement with the experiments and can thus serve as predictive tools for the rational design of hard-magnetic plate structures.

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Section: Reduced Magnetic Potentialmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Generation Of the Magnetic And Pressure Loadingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A reduced-order, rotation-based model for thin hard-magnetic plates

Dong¹,

Aymon²,

Reis³

2022

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…In particular, Zhao et al [24] developed a continuum formulation with an asymmetric Cauchy stress tensor, which is very similar to the classical continuum theory in the sense that it neither needs non-classical material parameters nor additional degrees of freedom. Their theory has been the foundation for the analysis of hard-magnetic soft beams (HMSBs) in Wang et al [33], Chen et al [34,35], Rajan and Arockiarajan [36], and Yan et al [37] among others. The same formulation has been employed to model the deformation of magnetoactive shells by Yan et al [38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A micropolar shell model for hard-magnetic soft materials

Dadgar‐Rad¹,

Hossain²

2022

Preprint

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Hard-magnetic soft materials (HMSMs) are particulate composites that consist of a soft matrix embedded with particles of high remnant magnetic induction. Since the application of an external magnetic flux induces a body couple in HMSMs, the Cauchy stress tensor in these materials is asymmetric, in general. Therefore, the micropolar continuum theory can be employed to capture the deformation of these materials. On the other hand, the geometries and structures made of HMSMs often possess small thickness compared to the overall dimensions of the body.Accordingly, in the present contribution, a 10-parameter micropolar shell formulation to model the finite elastic deformation of thin structures made of HMSMs and subject to magnetic stimuli is developed. The present shell formulation allows for using three-dimensional constitutive laws without any need for modification to apply the plane stress assumption in thin structures. Due to the highly nonlinear nature of the governing equations, a nonlinear finite element formulation for numerical simulations is also developed. To circumvent locking at large distortions, an enhanced assumed strain formulation is adopted. The performance of the developed formulation is examined in several numerical examples. It is shown that the proposed formulation is an effective tool for simulating the deformation of thin bodies made of HMSMs.

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Active Materials for Functional Origami

Leanza

Sun

et al. 2023

Advanced Materials

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In recent decades, origami has been explored to aid in the design of engineering structures. These structures span multiple scales and have been demonstrated to be used towards various areas such as aerospace, metamaterial, biomedical, robotics, and architectural applications. Conventionally, origami or deployable structures have been actuated by hands, motors, or pneumatic actuators, which can result in heavy or bulky structures. On the other hand, active materials, which reconfigure in response to external stimulus, eliminate the need for external mechanical loads and bulky actuation systems. Thus, in recent years, active materials incorporated with deployable structures have shown promise for remote actuation of light weight, programmable origami. In this review, active materials such as shape memory polymers and alloys, hydrogels, liquid crystal elastomers, magnetic soft materials, and covalent adaptable network polymers, their actuation mechanisms, as well as how they have been utilized for active origami and where these structures are applicable is discussed. Additionally, the state‐of‐the‐art fabrication methods to construct active origami are highlighted. The existing structural modeling strategies for origami, the constitutive models used to describe active materials, and the largest challenges and future directions for active origami research are summarized.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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A comprehensive framework for hard-magnetic beams: Reduced-order theory, 3D simulations, and experiments

Cited by 41 publications

References 49 publications

A reduced-order, rotation-based model for thin hard-magnetic plates

A reduced-order, rotation-based model for thin hard-magnetic plates

A micropolar shell model for hard-magnetic soft materials

Active Materials for Functional Origami

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