A Comprehensive Comparison of Different Selenium Supplements: Mitigation of Heat Stress and Exercise Fatigue-Induced Liver Injury

Abstract

This study aimed to compare the protective effects of different selenium supplements against heat stress and exercise fatigue-induced liver injury and to investigate the potential mechanisms of action. Selenium-enriched soybean protein (SePro), selenium-enriched soybean peptides (SePPs), and selenomethionine (SeMet) are organic selenium supplements in which selenium replaces the sulfur in their sulfur-containing amino acids. Common peptides (PPs) are obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean protein which was extracted from common soybean. The SePPs with higher hydrolysis degree and selenium retention were isolated via alkaline solubilization and acid precipitation and the enzymatic hydrolysis of alkaline protease, neutral protease, and papain. The results showed that SePPs could significantly increase the antioxidant levels in rats, inhibit lipid peroxidation, and reduce liver enzyme levels in rat serum, while the histological findings indicated that the inflammatory cell infiltration in the liver tissue was reduced, and new cells appeared after treatment with SePPs. Moreover, SePPs could increase glutathione (GSH) and GSH peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the liver, as well as protect the liver by regulating the NF-κB/IκB pathway, prevent interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) release in the liver. The SePPs displayed higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in vivo than SePro, SeMet, Sodium selenite (Na2SeO3), and PPs. Therefore, SePPs could be used as a priority selenium resource to develop heatstroke prevention products or nutritional supplements.

Selenium-enriched peptides identified from selenium-enriched soybean protein hydrolysate: protective effects against heat damage in Caco-2 cells

“…A comprehensive analysis of these indicators revealed that F3 had the most significant effect in enhancing the cellular antioxidant system and inhibiting the inflammatory response. Since the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of SePPs were confirmed in our previous study, 9 here we concluded that the peptide contained in F3 is the main contributing peptide to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory behavior of SePPs and selected this fraction for further amino acid sequence analysis.…”

“…SePPs were obtained from selenium-enriched soybeans after crushing, defatting, alkaline acid deposition, enzymatic digestion and ultrafiltration. 9 In the process of alkaline solubilization and acid deposition, the proteins are separated by acid-base washing and are dialyzed so that small molecules (including inorganic selenium that is not attached to the proteins) are lost, so that the remaining selenium is in the form of organic selenium in SePPs.…”

Alleviation of Cognitive and Physical Fatigue with Enzymatic Porcine Placenta Hydrolysate Intake through Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Intensely Exercised Rats

“…Low-grade inflammation resulting from reduced cellular energy availability, and an imbalance in energy expenditure induces fatigue [ 41 , 42 ]. Anti-inflammatory diets and supplements, such as whole grains, vegetables, selenium, and omega-3 fatty acids, can alleviate physical and cognitive fatigue [ 43 , 44 ]. Similarly, EPPH administration prevented an increase in inflammation and oxidative stress due to exhaustive exercise, thus contributing to reducing exercise-induced fatigue.…”

The adverse effect of heat stress and potential nutritional interventions

“…Chen et al found that selenium-enriched soybean protein and its enzymatic products enhanced CAT, SOD, and GPx activity in the serum, inhibited IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α secretion, and p-IκB and p65 protein expression in the liver of exertional heatstroke rats, while ameliorating the hepatocyte necrosis and tissue sparing caused by heat stress. 98 Malyar et al reported that selenium-enriched probiotics reduced ALT and AST levels in the serum, enhanced SOD and GPx activity, decreased IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB expression levels in the liver, and prevented liver sinusoidal dilatation and venous congestion. 99 These results suggest that selenium-enriched soy protein and probiotics protect rats from heat stress-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver tissue damage.…”