“…A few indexes like the standardised soil moisture index (SSI), standardised groundwater index (SGI), and standardised runoff index (SRI), however, focus on a single aspect of the water cycle and do not describe the integrated status of the terrestrial water storage (TWS) (AghaKouchak, 2014;Wu et al, 2018;Guo et al, 2021). In the coupled human-natural systems, where the synergistic impacts of natural and anthropogenic drivers are exceedingly difficult to disentangle, an integrated representation of the land systems is of paramount importance for policymakers (Abhishek et al, 2021;Rodell et al, 2018). TWS, consisting of water storage in surface water, soil moisture, groundwater, snow and ice, and canopies, can physically provide integrated information about the overall status of the land, whose changes are closely linked to the terrestrial wetting and drying tendency (Tapley et al, 2019;Pokhrel et al, 2021).…”