A comprehensive and systemic review of ginseng‐based nanomaterials: Synthesis, targeted delivery, and biomedical applications

Abstract

Among 17 Panax species identified across the world, Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng), Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng), and Panax notoginseng (Chinese ginseng) are highly recognized for the presence of bioactive compound, ginsenosides and their pharmacological effects. P. ginseng is widely used for synthesis of different types of nanoparticles compared to P. quinquefolius and P. notoginseng. The use of nano‐ginseng could increase the oral bioavailability, membrane permeability, and thus provide effective delivery of ginsenosides to the target sites through transport system. In this review, we explore the synthesis of ginseng nanoparticles using plant extracts from various organs, microbes, and polymers, as well as their biomedical applications. Furthermore, we highlight transporters involved in transport of ginsenoside nanoparticles to the target sites. Size, zeta potential, temperature, and pH are also discussed as the critical parameters affecting the quality of ginseng nanoparticles synthesis.

Coprisin/Compound K Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles Induced Cell Death through Apoptosis and Ferroptosis Pathway in Adenocarcinoma Gastric Cells

“…GNP are utilized in a spectrum of medicinal applications, encompassing targeted delivery and precise release of chemical agents, such as anticancer drugs, peptides, and antibodies . Numerous studies have highlighted the potential of GNP for drug delivery in cancer therapies, such as 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and curcumin. − Also, previous studies discovered CK and CopA3 exhibited anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. , However, the relevant effects of GNP-conjugated CK and CopA3 in anticancer studies are uncertain. Our data substantiates the hypothesis that a distinctive proteomic network, molecular docking, and dynamic simulation governs GNP-CK-CopA3-induced cancer cell death.…”

“…GNP have the potential to enhance the stability of CK over an extended duration. Conjugating the CopA3 peptide to the surface of GNP could further promote both stability and the internalization of nanoparticles . In this study, the uptake and localization of GNP-CK-CopA3 within AGS cells were investigated using both EDF and TEM systems.…”

“… 14 − 16 Also, previous studies discovered CK and CopA3 exhibited anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. 17 , 18 However, the relevant effects of GNP-conjugated CK and CopA3 in anticancer studies are uncertain. Our data substantiates the hypothesis that a distinctive proteomic network, molecular docking, and dynamic simulation governs GNP-CK-CopA3-induced cancer cell death.…”

Ginsenosides retard atherogenesis via remodelling host–microbiome metabolic homeostasis

“…Additionally, PPT-type ginsenosides Rg2 and F1 could alleviate oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or lipopolysaccharideinduced endothelial injury (Qin et al, 2017;Xue et al, 2023). However, PPT-type ginsenosides have poor oral bioavailability (Balusamy et al, 2023;Luo et al, 2020), implying that these compounds are unlikely to reach effective concentrations in the circulatory system to exert direct pharmacological effects. Moreover, despite numerous reports of pharmacological effects of ginsenosides in alleviating cardiovascular diseases, the underlying mechanism(s) remain undefined and whether and how different ginsenosides could elicit holistic effects in alleviating atherosclerosis are obscure.…”

Impact of Sodium Silicate Supplemented, IR-Treated Panax Ginseng on Extraction Optimization for Enhanced Anti-Tyrosinase and Antioxidant Activity: A Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Approach

“…This response can be interpreted as a defense mechanism, as plants often increase the synthesis of secondary metabolites in response to environmental stressors [36]. Sodium silicate effectively improved ginsenoside content when elicitation was near the root zone [37]. In media treatment, 1.0 mM treatment of sodium silicate extracted for 1 h at 40 • C showed maximum overall total ginsenoside content with a total ginsenoside content of 368.09 ± 13.52 mg/g followed by 0.5 mM and 2.0 mM sodium silicate treatments with ginsenoside content being 308.75 ± 22.4 and 289.03 ± 21.45 mg/g.…”