A comprehensive and mechanistic review on protective effects of kaempferol against natural and chemical toxins: Role of NF‐κB inhibition and Nrf2 activation

Abstract

Different toxins, including chemicals and natural, can be entered from various routes and influence human health. Herbal medicines and their active components can attenuate the toxicity of agents via multiple mechanisms. For example, kaempferol, as a flavonoid, can be found in fruits and vegetables, and has an essential role in improving disorders such as cardiovascular disorders, neurological diseases, cancer, pain, and inflammation situations. The beneficial effects of kaempferol may be related to the inhibition of oxidative stress, attenuation of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor ĸB (NF-ĸB) as well as the modulation of apoptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. This flavonoid boasts a wide spectrum of toxin targeting effects in tissue fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress thus

A review of the biological effects of Myrtus communis

“…Aflatoxin, a very poisonous mycotoxin, can withstand freezing and cooking even in extreme temperatures. A variety of aflatoxins are produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus nomiu , and Aspergillus parasiticus , which grow in a wide range of temperatures (from 12 to 42°C) (Hosseini et al, 2023 ; O'Riordan & Wilkinson, 2008 ; Yahyazadeh et al, 2021 ). However, the ideal growing temperature range is between 20 and 30°C (Murphy et al, 2006 ).…”

“…In this family, the tribe Myrteae includes half of the family's biodiversity, with 51 genera and approximately 2500 species found primarily in the Neotropics. Myrtus is the only genus found in Europe, North Africa, Asia, and especially in the Mediterranean region of southern Europe as far west as Macaronesia (Madeira and the Azores), the Saharan mountains, and as far east as western Asia (Hosseini et al, 2023 ; Migliore et al, 2012 ; Thornhill et al, 2015 ; Vasconcelos et al, 2017 ; Yahyazadeh et al, 2021 ).…”

Study on the mechanism of Wumei San in treating piglet diarrhea using network pharmacology and molecular docking

“…It has various pharmacological activities such as antiviral, apoptosis, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidation effects (25). These effects may be related to kaempferol's inhibition of oxidative stress and attenuation of inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and the modulation of apoptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways (26). Berberine is an alkaloid that reduces the expression of TNF-α, IL1β, and IL8 genes and the occurrence of intestinal inflammation through inhibiting the expression of TLR4 and NOD1 genes in intestinal mucosa (27,28).…”