A Comprehensive Analysis of KRT19 Combined with Immune Infiltration to Predict Breast Cancer Prognosis

Abstract

To date, no study has been conducted to explore the mechanism of KRT19 and the correlation between the expression of KRT19 and immune infiltration in breast cancer (BRCA). TCGA, TIMER2.0, UALCAN, and other databases were used to analyze the expression, prognostic roles, epigenetic variants, and possible oncogenic mechanisms of KRT19 in BRCA. As a result, KRT19 showed higher expression compared with the normal tissues in BRCA. In addition, the epigenetic variation in KRT19, including gene alteration, mutation type and sites, DNA methylation, RNA modification, and phosphorylation, showed diversity in BRCA. Further mechanistic exploration suggested that the IL-17 signaling pathway and estrogen response might play essential roles in the regulation of KRT19. Moreover, KRT19 has different regulatory biological functions in BRCA. More importantly, the expression of KRT19 was closely related to immune infiltration and combining the two could effectively predict overall survival. Finally, a nomogram based on genes associated with cancer-immunity cycle signatures, which could predict progress free interval, was constructed and evaluated successfully. In conclusion, KRT19 may play a role in the occurrence and development of BRCA through the IL-17 signaling pathway. Meanwhile, KRT19 combined with immune infiltration can evaluate the prognosis of BRCA patients.

KRT19 is a Promising Prognostic Biomarker and Associates with Immune Infiltrates in Serous Ovarian Cystadenocarcinoma

“…8 Upregulation of KRT19 has been reported in various tumor tissues, and KRT19 is associated with tumor proliferation and metastasis, such as lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), breast cancer (BRCA), hypopharyngeal squamous cell cancer and thyroid cancer (THCA). [9][10][11] However, the expression patterns of KRT19 and its clinical significance in OV remain unclear.…”

Prelude to Malignancy: A Gene Expression Signature in Normal Mammary Gland from Breast Cancer Patients Suggests Pre-tumorous Alterations and Is Associated with Adverse Outcomes

“…switching of molecular subtype between lung and pleura metastases versus the primary breast tumor 28 , as well as deemed essential for the tumorigenic potential and migration of a basal-like breast cancer cell line along with GABRP 29 . Furthermore, KRT19, KRT7, and KRT15 are individually linked to breast cancer, especially associating with metastatic potential and poor patient outcome [30][31][32] . Diminished cytokeratin, cell adhesion-related (CHD1, CDH3, EPCAM) and matrix metallopeptidase (MMP7) gene expression indicates the presence of alterations linked to invasiveness and signifies disruptions in the cytoskeleton, pointing to loss of adhesion and epithelial tissue integrity.…”