A Composite Photoanode Based on P25/TiO2 Nanotube Arrays/Flower-Like TiO2 for High-Efficiency Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Recent progress in one dimensional TiO2nanomaterials as photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells

“…209 It is found that efficient systems can be developed out of a combination of anodization with other synthetic methods for the fabrication of hybrid and multi-layered photoanodes. [210][211][212][213][214][215][216] Another simpler route of TiO 2 nanotube synthesis proposed by Ramakrishnan and co-workers involved the hydrothermal treatment of quasi-crystalline TiO 2 nanoparticles. 217 They were reported to have achieved hydrothermal conditions even without using an autoclave.…”

“…Apart from using individual nanotubes, designs involving nanotube arrays were made by certain research groups. 194,204,[206][207][208]210,[212][213][214][215][218][219][220] For example, a highly ordered array of TiO 2 nanotubes with a length of 360 nm was introduced in 2006 by Mor and co-workers with a PCE of 2.9%. 221 This reduction in PCE is due to the comparatively smaller thickness of the photoelectrode.…”

“…As part of achieving increased dye pick up and enhanced light scattering, multilayered photoanode architectures involving TiO 2 nanotubes were also introduced. 208,210,211,213,214,216 As mentioned in the case of nanowires and nanorods (Sections 1.8 and 1.9), here also specic functions were assigned to individual layers. In 2014…”

“…As part of achieving increased dye pick up and enhanced light scattering, multi-layered photoanode architectures involving TiO 2 nanotubes were also introduced. 208,210,211,213,214,216 As mentioned in the case of nanowires and nanorods (Sections 1.8 and 1.9), here also specific functions were assigned to individual layers. In 2014 Wu et al introduced a three-layered photoanode architecture composed of 1D TiO 2 nanotube arrays, 3D TiO 2 microspheres and zero dimensional nanoparticles.…”

“…211 This novel structure has inherent properties such as high dye loading capability, efficient light scattering capacity and enhanced charge collection ability, leading to an unprecedented increase in photoconversion efficiency i.e., 9.10%. Later several other research groups fabricated such tri-layered photoanodes with various modications 213,216. …”